scholarly journals Prediction Under Uncertainty: Dissociating Sensory from Cognitive Expectations in Highly Uncertain Musical Contexts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Mencke ◽  
David Ricardo Quiroga-Martinez ◽  
Diana Omigie ◽  
Franz Schwarzacher ◽  
Niels T Haumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Behavioral Experiment ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Tonal Music ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Predictive Processes ◽  
Musical Context ◽  
High Uncertainty

Predictive models in the brain rely on the continuous extraction of regularities from the environment. These models are thought to be updated by novel information, as reflected in prediction error responses such as the mismatch negativity (MMN). However, although in real life individuals often face situations in which uncertainty prevails, it remains unclear whether and how predictive models emerge in high-uncertainty contexts. Recent research suggests that uncertainty affects the magnitude of MMN responses in the context of music listening. However, musical predictions are typically studied with MMN stimulation paradigms based on Western tonal music, which are characterized by relatively high predictability. Hence, we developed an MMN paradigm to investigate how the high uncertainty of atonal music modulates predictive processes as indexed by the MMN and behavior. Using MEG in a group of 20 subjects without musical training, we demonstrate that the magnetic MMN in response to pitch, intensity, timbre, and location deviants is evoked in both tonal and atonal melodies, with no significant differences between conditions. In contrast, in a separate behavioral experiment involving 39 non-musicians, participants detected pitch deviants more accurately and rated confidence higher in the tonal than in the atonal musical context. These results indicate that contextual tonal uncertainty modulates processing stages in which conscious awareness is involved, although deviants robustly elicit low-level pre-attentive responses such as the MMN. The achievement of robust MMN responses, despite high tonal uncertainty, is relevant for future studies comparing groups of listeners' MMN responses to increasingly ecological music stimuli.

Interpersonal judgments, embodied reasoning, and juridical legitimacy

2018 ◽  
pp. 862-874
Author(s):  
Somogy Varga
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Bodily States ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Negligible Influence

A particular branch of the embodied cognition (EC) research program explicates abstract concepts and metaphors as grounded in particular domains of bodily experience. This chapter explores conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) and some recent behavioral and neuroscientific research that appears to offer some support for it. While this research indicates that bodily states exert non-negligible influence on cognition and behavior, the influences appear to occur in a way that is insensitive to reflectively endorsed norms. Assuming that the experimental findings extend to real-life situations, the findings raise a number of questions. The chapter offers reflections on particular questions and concerns in the legal realm and explores whether the findings present potential challenges to juridical legitimacy.

scholarly journals PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER SEBAGAI UPAYA MEWUJUDKAN REVOLUSI MENTAL

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muawanah
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
Character Development ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Development Education ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Moral Feeling ◽  
Ending Process ◽  
And Behavior

Mental revolution starts from the education. Education is very important, as the strategic role of educations is to form children's mental nation. Development of culture and national character is realized through the area of education. Character development education is a continuous process and never ends (never ending process). As long as a nation exist, a character education must be an integral part of education over the generations. Implementation of character education should not be linked to the budget. It takes commitment and integrity of the stakeholders in the education sector to seriously implement the values of life in every lesson. Character education does not just teach what is right and what is wrong, but also inculcate the habit (habituation) of which one is a good thing. By doing so, students become acquainted (cognitive) about which one is good and bad, able to feel (affective) good value (loving the good/moral feeling), and behavior (moral action), and used to do (psychomotor). Thus, character education is closely related to the habit (custom) practiced and performed. Children do not need a curriculum, but a real life that support them. They learn from real life. What happens now, a lot of value or an existing teachings that are obscured, covered up with a lie that is packaged in an iconic form of advertising that is actually misleading.

scholarly journals How Law Student Prepare Their Life to Survive?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-38
Author(s):  
Aprila Niravita ◽  
Benny Sumardiana ◽  
Bayangsari Wedhatami ◽  
Syukron Salam ◽  
Ubaidillah Kamal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Law Students ◽  
State University ◽  
Student Activists ◽  
The People ◽  
Law Student ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Short Time

Character education is an important element in the effort to prepare superior Indonesian human resources, it is of particular concern to be applied especially among students, there is a need for character education because the attitudes and behavior of the people and people of Indonesia now tend to ignore the noble values ​​of Pancasila which are highly respected and should be rooted in everyday attitudes and behaviors, values ​​such as honesty, politeness, togetherness and religious, gradually eroded by foreign cultures that tend to be hedonistic, materialistic, and individualistic, so that the noble character values ​​are ignored in the future if students and young people are not equipped with character education. Law students have their own challenges, especially in the era of globalization. This paper analyzes and illustrates the character strengthening program for law student activists in Semarang State University through several programs, namely public speaking, strengthening student idealism, strengthening advocacy capacitation and human rights assistance and self-motivation. This research is a field research with the object of research as activists of law students who are members of student organizations. This research confirms that the programs for strengthening the character of students experience several obstacles, one of which is the model used and a relatively short time. However, character education for student activists helps students to survive in real life as part of community members.

scholarly journals Storytelling as a Polifunctional Instrument of Modern Communication: Linguistic and Stylistic Features

2019 ◽  
pp. 106-121
Author(s):  
Olga Pyatetska
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Target Audience ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Commercial Advertising ◽  
High Level ◽  
Direct Acting ◽  
And Behavior

The article analyzes media instrument of modern communication, i.e. storytelling, which is widely used for commercial, advertising and corporate purposes to influence recipient's emotions, cognition and motivations. At the same time, storytelling based on real life facts is one of the most effective learning techniques that promotes linguistic competence and enables various communication tasks to be solved. Analysis of storytelling showed that it gained particular relevance due to the principles of submission the information in implicit form, unobtrusively influencing the audience, gaining its trust and loyalty, resulting in the recipients make their own decisions and draw appropriate conclusions. It is established that to reach a high level of influence on the target audience, a story must be true, emotional, relevant and new, contain an idea, a bright character or image, have a dynamic plot, often with a surprise effect, logical conclusion, intrigue till the end and (for electronic versions)be accompanied by quality content. Despite defined algorithms for story-building and typical content structures of its plot, there is a tendency to create storytelling outside the box. The main principle that determines the theme, ideas, specifics of language organization of stories is adaptation to the target audience. Separate analysis of direct-acting storytelling which has recently spread in social networks is given. Its purpose is to draw the reader's attention to current problems, influence the recipient's emotions and behavior with the help of verbal and non-verbal means. An example of such storytelling in Ukraine is the Ukraїner Media Project which helped to represent our country in a new way and realize the dreams of many ordinary citizens. The studying of different stories showed that storytelling uses such linguistic and stylistic means as emotionally coloured vocabulary which is typical for literary, mass media and colloquial functional styles, foreign words, jargon, slang expressions, phraseologisms, metaphors, personifications, rhetoric constructions etc. As for parts of speech, verbs are more frequently used because they intensify and dynamize the narrative.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Music for Emotional Wellbeing During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain: An Analysis of Personal and Context-Related Variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pastora Martínez-Castilla ◽  
Isabel M. Gutiérrez-Blasco ◽  
Daniel H. Spitz ◽  
Roni Granot
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Emotional Wellbeing ◽  
Perceived Efficacy ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Personal Variables ◽  
The People ◽  
The Impact

The strict lockdown experienced in Spain during March–June 2020 as a consequence of the COVID-19 crisis has led to strong negative emotions. Music can contribute to enhancing wellbeing, but the extent of this effect may be modulated by both personal and context-related variables. This study aimed to analyze the impact of the two types of variables on the perceived efficacy of musical behaviors to fulfill adults’ emotional wellbeing-related goals during the lockdown established in Spain. Personal variables included age, gender, musical training, personality, resilience, and perception of music’s importance. Contextual variables referred to living in a region with a high COVID-19 impact, perception of belonging to a risk group, being alone, having caring responsibilities during confinement, and amount of time of music listening as compared to prior to the crisis. The study was conducted retrospectively during August–December 2020, when the strict lockdown was over in Spain. An online survey was disseminated among the general population and groups of musicians, and the answers of 507 adults (from 18 years on, 73.9% females, 51.3% musically trained adults) were analyzed. Only personal, but not COVID-19 context-related variables, showed an impact on music’s efficacy. The youngest age group of adults and those with musical training reported the highest efficacy of music for wellbeing enhancement, and music’s importance was found to be the main significant predictor of music’s perceived efficacy. Our findings suggest that the people who have been reported to be emotionally more vulnerable during the lockdown, due to either a strong impact on their daily lives or their lower resilience, perceive a higher benefit from musical behaviors. Being musically trained, even for a small number of years, also leads to a perception of higher efficacy of music for the achievement of emotional wellbeing goals. However, this effect is explained by the musically trained individuals’ higher perception of music’s importance. Although musical behaviors can be generally considered as important for wellbeing enhancement, our study highlights who are the potential individuals who could benefit the most from music-related activities for obtaining better levels of wellbeing, at least within the current context of the COVID-19 crisis.

T1D Hypoglycemia Prediction Algorithms: A Systematic Review (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Tsichlaki ◽  
Lefteris Koumakis ◽  
Manolis Tsiknakis
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Digital Libraries ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Wide Range

BACKGROUND Diabetes is a chronic condition that necessitates regular monitoring and self-management of the patient's blood glucose levels. People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) can live a productive life if they receive proper diabetes care. Nonetheless, a loose glycemic control might increase the risk of developing hypoglycemia. This incident can occur due to a variety of causes, such as taking additional doses of insulin, skipping meals, or over-exercising. Mainly, the symptoms of hypoglycemia range from mild dysphoria to more severe conditions, if not detected in a timely manner. OBJECTIVE In this review, we report on innovative detection techniques and tactics for identifying and preventing hypoglycemic episodes, focusing on type 1 diabetes. METHODS A systematic literature search following the PRISMA guidelines was performed focusing on the “PUBMED”, “Google Scholar”, “IEEE Xplore” and “ACM” digital libraries to find articles about technologies related to hypoglycemia detection in type 1 diabetes patients. RESULTS The presented approaches have been utilized or devised to enhance blood glucose monitoring and boost its efficacy to forecast future glucose levels, which could aid the prediction of future episodes of hypoglycemia. We detected nineteen predictive models for hypoglycemia, specifically on type 1 diabetes, utilizing a wide range of algorithmic methodologies, spanning from statistics (10%) to machine learning (52%) and deep learning (38%). The algorithms employed most are the kalman filtering and classification models (SVM, KNN, random forests). The performance of the predictive models was found overall to be satisfactory, reaching accuracies between 70% and 99% which proves that such technologies are capable to facilitate the prediction of T1D hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS It is evident that CGM can improve the glucose control in diabetes but predictive models for hypo- and hyper- glycemia using only mainstream noninvasive sensors such as wristbands and smartwatches are foreseen to be the next step for mHealth in T1D. Prospective studies are required to demonstrate the value of such models in real-life mHealth interventions.

The effects of timbre on absolute pitch judgment

2020 ◽  
pp. 030573561989343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaonuo Li
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Tonal Music ◽  
Test Study ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Very High

This article reports the high prevalence of Absolute Pitch (AP) among students at Shanghai Conservatory of Music and explores the effects of timbre on AP judgment through a large-scale direct-test study. This study used two types of timbres (piano timbre and string timbre) to explore the correlation between the different types of timbre and note-naming accuracy. The participants included 71 undergraduate students majoring in piano and string at Shanghai Conservatory of Music, who had begun musical training at an age ⩽ 9 and focused on Western tonal music. The main results showed that the overall performance levels were very high and that the students scored 73% correct without semitone errors and 80% with semitone errors. All groups exhibited higher performance in judging pitches in piano timbre than string timbre. In addition, after listening to piano timbre, the accuracy in judging pitches in string timbre was significantly increased, and after listening to string timbre, the accuracy in judging pitches in piano timbre decreased but not significantly.

scholarly journals Model Based Approach to Cyber–Physical Systems Status Monitoring

Computers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Alexander Vodyaho ◽  
Saddam Abbas ◽  
Nataly Zhukova ◽  
Michael Chervoncev
Keyword(s):  
Process Mining ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Model Based ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Behavior

The distinctive feature of new generation information systems is not only their complexity in terms of number of elements, number of connections and hierarchy levels, but also their constantly changing structure and behavior. In this situation the problem of receiving actual information about the observed complex Cyber–Physical Systems (CPS) current status becomes a rather difficult task. This information is needed by stakeholders for solving tasks concerning keeping the system operational, improving its efficiency, ensuring security, etc. Known approaches to solving the problem of the complex distributed CPS actual status definition are not enough effective. The authors propose a model based approach to solving the task of monitoring the status of complex CPS. There are a number of known model based approaches to complex distributed CPS monitoring, but their main difference in comparison with the suggested one is that known approaches by the most part use static models which are to be build manually by experts. It takes a lot of human efforts and often results in errors. Our idea is that automata models of structure and behavior of the observed system are used and both of these models are built and kept in actual state in automatic mode on the basis of log file information. The proposed approach is based, on one hand, on the results of the authors researches in the field of automatic synthesis of multi-level automata models of observed systems and, on the other hand, on well known algorithms of process mining. In the paper typical monitoring tasks are described and generalized algorithms for solving them using the proposed system of models are presented. An example of real life systems based on the suggested approach is given. The approach can be recommended to use for building CPS of medium and high complexity, characterized by high structural dynamics and cognitive behavior.

Music, Movement, and Mind: Use of Drumming to Improve Strength, Balance, Proprioception, Stamina, Coordination, and Emotional Status in a 12-Year-Old With Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum: A Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-192
Author(s):  
David Spak ◽  
Elizabeth Card
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Spiritual Healing ◽  
Nursing Intervention ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Trunk Control ◽  
Holistic Nursing ◽  
Equilibrium Reactions ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Improvement

The purpose of this article is to report a case study of the effect of therapeutic drumming on motor, communication skills, and behavior of a preteen diagnosed with agenesis of the corpus callosum. This 12-year-old participated in 30- to 45-minute weekly sessions over a 12-month period in which rudimentary drumming exercises were used to analyze and then measure any changes in equilibrium reactions, postural transfers, and trunk control. Measurable documentation evidenced marked improvement in motor skills while suggesting communication and behavioral improvement. The findings support the theory that therapeutic drumming would benefit preteens with agenesis of the corpus callosum, which provides promising evidence to other neurologic developmental diagnoses and therefore indicates a need for further research. While the therapeutic nature of music is well documented, how the listener participates can influence the effect of the music. For example, passive music listening can improve pain or anxiety, however, active music listening with expected intentional action may improve physical, mental, behavioral, and spiritual healing. Active music listening could be a valuable holistic nursing intervention.

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