Market making in international capital markets

This chapter discusses the regulatory techniques in the international capital markets. Regulation, as it is usually understood, emanates from a national (or perhaps sub-national) authority and operates locally. Capital markets predate the nation state and have been boundary blind. So, how have modern international capital markets been regulated? Different approaches have waxed and waned in popularity, but several broad groupings can be discerned: inaction; unilateralism; formal and informal cooperative efforts; and international or supra-national initiatives. The different regulatory approaches operating in modern international capital markets are not mutually exclusive; they often coexist or interact, in both a positive and negative manner. Ultimately, the different regulatory approaches to international capital markets, which ones dominate, which ones wither away, have been shaped by the geopolitical forces of empire, the emergence of the supra-national state, and hegemony.

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Part III Beyond the Transatlantic Corridor, 10 The Paradoxes of Islamic Capital Markets

10.1093/law/9780198849001.003.0010 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jordan Cally

Keyword(s):

Initial Public Offering ◽

Capital Markets ◽

International Institutions ◽

International Markets ◽

Islamic Finance ◽

International Capital ◽

Gulf Region ◽

International Capital Markets ◽

Saudi Aramco ◽

Public Offering

This chapter describes Islamic capital markets. Led by Malaysia and its distinct Islamic Market, Bursa Malaysia-I, Islamic finance has entered the mainstream of international capital markets, primarily in the form of ‘Islamic bonds’ (sukuk) and fund products. Saudi Arabia, with its well-publicized Saudi Aramco initial public offering (IPO) in 2019, raised, less successfully, a different flag in the international markets. Islamic finance has infiltrated conventional markets too. Non-Islamic issuers, sovereigns, corporates and international institutions, have issued sukuk, attracted by the wash of liquidity and investors in the Gulf region. Indeed, Islamic finance has been rubbing shoulders with modern conventional finance for several decades now. As ‘conventional’ finance has become less ‘conventional’, shari'a compliant finance has become more accepted. Impediments to growth persist; the imperviousness to standardization and the artificiality of the structures underlying the financial products increase costs and possibly risk, making the products uncompetitive. However, cost is not the only consideration in the marketplace. With greater interest in ethical and ESG (environmental, social, and governance) investing, Islamic finance may be the path or the way to future markets.

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