Think That Attackers Think: Using First-Order Theory of Mind in Intrusion Response System

Abstract It has been argued (e.g., by De Villiers and colleagues) that the acquisition of sentence embedding is necessary for the development of first-order Theory of Mind (ToM): the ability to attribute beliefs to others. This raises the question whether the acquisition of double embedded sentences is related to, and perhaps even necessary for, the development of second-order ToM: the ability to attribute beliefs about beliefs to others. This study tested 55 children (aged 7-10) on their ToM understanding in a false-belief task and on their elicited production of sentence embeddings. We found that second-order ToM passers produced mainly double embeddings, whereas first-order ToM passers produced mainly single embeddings. Furthermore, a better performance on second-order ToM predicted a higher rate of double embeddings and a lower rate of single embeddings in the production task. We conclude that children’s ability to produce double embeddings is related to their development of second-order ToM.

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Five-Year-Olds’ Systematic Errors in Second-Order False Belief Tasks Are Due to First-Order Theory of Mind Strategy Selection: A Computational Modeling Study

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00275 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Burcu Arslan ◽

Niels A. Taatgen ◽

Rineke Verbrugge

Keyword(s):

Theory Of Mind ◽

Computational Modeling ◽

Systematic Errors ◽

Order Theory ◽

Second Order ◽

False Belief ◽

Strategy Selection ◽

First Order ◽

First Order Theory ◽

False Belief Tasks

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Theory of mind deficit in people with schizophrenia during remission

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291702005433 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 1125-1129 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

R. HEROLD ◽

T. TÉNYI ◽

K. LÉNÁRD ◽

M. TRIXLER

Keyword(s):

Theory Of Mind ◽

Acute Phase ◽

Matched Control ◽

Order Theory ◽

The Other ◽

First Order ◽

First Order Theory ◽

Significant Impairment ◽

Schizophrenic Patients ◽

Mind Task

Background. The authors' goal was to investigate the presence or absence of theory of mind impairments among people with schizophrenia during remission. Recent research results interpret theory of mind deficits as state rather than trait characteristics, connecting these impairments mainly to the acute episode of psychosis.Methods. Twenty patients with schizophrenia in remission and 20 matched control subjects were evaluated. Participants were presented with one first-order theory of mind task, one second-order theory of mind task, two metaphor and two irony tasks adapted from previous studies.Results. The schizophrenic patients performed a statistically significant impairment in the irony task, as there were no significant differences in the cases of the other evaluated tasks.Conclusions. These preliminary results suggest that theory of mind impairments can be detected not only in the acute phase as found in previous research studies, but also in remission.

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