Environmental and genetic influences on body mass and resting metabolic rates (RMR) in a natural population of weaselMustela nivalis

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1283-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAROL ZUB ◽  
STUART PIERTNEY ◽  
PAULINA A. SZAFRAŃSKA ◽  
MAREK KONARZEWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Natural Population ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Metabolic Rates

scholarly journals Gene–environment interactions related to body mass: School policies and social context as environmental moderators

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason D Boardman ◽  
Michael E Roettger ◽  
Benjamin W Domingue ◽  
Matthew B McQueen ◽  
Brett C Haberstick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
School Policies ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Institutional Resources ◽  
Using Data ◽  
School Differences

This paper highlights the role of institutional resources and policies, whose origins lie in political processes, in shaping the genetic etiology of body mass among a national sample of adolescents. Using data from Waves I and II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we decompose the variance of body mass into environmental and genetic components. We then examine the extent to which the genetic influences on body mass are different across the 134 schools in the study. Taking advantage of school differences in both health-related policies and social norms regarding body size, we examine how institutional resources and policies alter the relative impact of genetic influences on body mass. For the entire sample, we estimate a heritability of .82, with the remaining .18 due to unique environmental factors. However, we also show variation about this estimate and provide evidence suggesting that social norms and institutional policies often mask genetic vulnerabilities to increased weight. Empirically, we demonstrate that more restrictive school policies and policies designed to curb weight gain are also associated with decreases in the proportion of variance in body mass that is due to additive genetic influences.

scholarly journals Allometry of mitochondrial efficiency is set by metabolic intensity

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1911) ◽  
pp. 20191693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boël Mélanie ◽  
Romestaing Caroline ◽  
Voituron Yann ◽  
Roussel Damien
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Coupling Efficiency ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria ◽  
Metabolic Intensity ◽  
Mitochondrial Efficiency

Metabolic activity sets the rates of individual resource uptake from the environment and resource allocations. For this reason, the relationship with body size has been heavily documented from ecosystems to cells. Until now, most of the studies used the fluxes of oxygen as a proxy of energy output without knowledge of the efficiency of biological systems to convert oxygen into ATP. The aim of this study was to examine the allometry of coupling efficiency (ATP/O) of skeletal muscle mitochondria isolated from 12 mammal species ranging from 6 g to 550 kg. Mitochondrial efficiencies were measured at different steady states of phosphorylation. The efficiencies increased sharply at higher metabolic rates. We have shown that body mass dependence of mitochondrial efficiency depends on metabolic intensity in skeletal muscles of mammals. Mitochondrial efficiency positively depends on body mass when mitochondria are close to the basal metabolic rate; however, the efficiency is independent of body mass at the maximum metabolic rate. As a result, it follows that large mammals exhibit a faster dynamic increase in ATP/O than small species when mitochondria shift from basal to maximal activities. Finally, the invariant value of maximal coupling efficiency across mammal species could partly explain why scaling exponent values are very close to 1 at maximal metabolic rates.

Untangling genetic influences on smoking, body mass index and longevity: a multivariate study of 2464 Danish twins followed for 28 years

1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Herskind ◽  
Matthew McGue ◽  
Ivan A. Iachine ◽  
Niels Holm ◽  
Thorkild I. A. Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Multivariate Study

Metabolic rate does not scale with body mass in cultured mammalian cells

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (6) ◽  
pp. R2115-R2121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie F. Brown ◽  
Tyson P. Gratton ◽  
Jeffrey. A. Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Oxygen Delivery ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Species Specific

The allometric scaling of metabolic rate with organism body mass can be partially accounted for by differences in cellular metabolic rates. For example, hepatocytes isolated from horses consume almost 10-fold less oxygen per unit time as mouse hepatocytes [Porter and Brand, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 269: R226–R228, 1995]. This could reflect a genetically programmed, species-specific, intrinsic metabolic rate set point, or simply the adaptation of individual cells to their particular in situ environment (i.e., within the organism). We studied cultured cell lines derived from 10 mammalian species with donor body masses ranging from 5 to 600,000 g to determine whether cells propagated in an identical environment (media) exhibited metabolic rate scaling. Neither metabolic rate nor the maximal activities of key enzymes of oxidative or anaerobic metabolism scaled significantly with donor body mass in cultured cells, indicating the absence of intrinsic, species-specific, cellular metabolic rate set points. Furthermore, we suggest that changes in the metabolic rates of isolated cells probably occur within 24 h and involve a reduction of cellular metabolism toward values observed in lower metabolic rate organisms. The rate of oxygen delivery has been proposed to limit cellular metabolic rates in larger organisms. To examine the effect of oxygen on steady-state cellular respiration rates, we grew cells under a variety of physiologically relevant oxygen regimens. Long-term exposure to higher medium oxygen levels increased respiration rates of all cells, consistent with the hypothesis that higher rates of oxygen delivery in smaller mammals might increase cellular metabolic rates.

Environmental and genetic influences on phenology and plant size in a perennial herb, Senecio integrifolius

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Widén
Keyword(s):  
Natural Population ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Progeny Size

Individual plants of the perennial herb Senecio integrifolius showed a highly significant correlation between rank order of the dates of first flowering and of first fruiting in a natural population and in cultivation. Plants exposed to full sunshine were smaller and flowered earlier than shaded plants both in a natural population and in cultivation. Within the two groups, plants with large inflorescences started to flower first. Duration of flowering was regulated by the size of the inflorescence; plants with many heads flowered longer than plants with few heads. There was a significant correlation between phenological rank order of mother plants in natural populations and their progenies in cultivation, but no consistent relationship between mother size and progeny size was found. Cultivated plants were consistent in rank order of flowering and in size over the years. Key words: flowering phenology, plant size, genetic variation, Senecio.

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