Importance of Glutamine for ?-Aminobutyric Acid Synthesis in Rat Neostriatum In Vivo

AbstractIn obese adults, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is accompanied by multiple metabolic dysfunctions. Although upregulated hepatic fatty acid synthesis has been identified as a crucial mediator of NAFLD development, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. In this study, we reported upregulated expression of gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (GRAIL) in the livers of humans and mice with hepatic steatosis. Grail ablation markedly alleviated the high-fat diet-induced hepatic fat accumulation and expression of genes related to the lipid metabolism, in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, overexpression of GRAIL exacerbated lipid accumulation and enhanced the expression of lipid metabolic genes in mice and liver cells. Our results demonstrated that Grail regulated the lipid accumulation in hepatic steatosis via interaction with sirtuin 1. Thus, Grail poses as a significant molecular regulator in the development of NAFLD.

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An In Vivo Targeted Deletion of the Calmodulin-Binding Domain from Rice Glutamate Decarboxylase 3 (OsGAD3) Increases γ-Aminobutyric Acid Content in Grains

Rice ◽

10.1186/s12284-020-00380-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kazuhito Akama ◽

Nadia Akter ◽

Hinako Endo ◽

Masako Kanesaki ◽

Masaki Endo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acid Content ◽

Glutamate Decarboxylase ◽

Binding Domain ◽

Aminobutyric Acid ◽

Targeted Deletion ◽

Calmodulin Binding

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In vivo measurement of plasma cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis with deuterated water: Determination of the average number of deuterium atoms incorporated

Metabolism ◽

10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90152-3 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 45 (7) ◽

pp. 817-821 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

F. Diraison ◽

C. Pachiaudi ◽

M. Beylot

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽

Plasma Cholesterol ◽

Acid Synthesis ◽

Deuterated Water ◽

Water Determination ◽

In Vivo Measurement

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FURTHER STUDIES ON THE BINDING OF γ-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID BY BRAIN

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1139/o67-213 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 45 (12) ◽

pp. 1795-1807 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Paula Strasberg ◽

K. A. C. Elliott

Keyword(s):

Rat Brain ◽

Mitochondrial Fraction ◽

Sodium Ion ◽

The Other ◽

Aminobutyric Acid ◽

Sodium Ions ◽

Ninhydrin Reaction ◽

Gaba Content

Factors which can interfere with the paper chromatographic – ninhydrin method for determining γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are described. The GABA–ninhydrin reaction does not involve loss of CO2. GABA that is occluded in subcellular particles in plain sucrose homogenates of rat brain does not readily exchange with radioactive GABA in solution. The relevant particles are found mostly in the "mitochondrial fraction". These particles deteriorate with time and manipulations, and tend to lose much of their GABA content. The presence of sodium (but not of potassium, calcium, or magnesium) in the suspending medium allows considerably more GABA to be bound. The extra bound GABA is exchangeable with free labelled GABA. Sodium also promotes some exchange between free and occluded GABA. It is concluded from the present and previous results that in brain in vivo very little GABA exists in a freely diffusing situation. There are two forms of bound GABA. One of these is an occluded or storage form which does not readily exchange with free GABA though exchange is to some extent promoted by sodium ions. The other is a form which occurs only in the presence of sodium ion and is freely exchangeable with GABA in solution.

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Lipogenesis in the Ruminant: in vivo Site of Fatty Acid Synthesis in Sheep

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/102.5.617 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 102 (5) ◽

pp. 617-623 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

D. L. Ingle ◽

D. E. Bauman ◽

U. S. Garrigus

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽

Acid Synthesis

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Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase during grape berry development: protein level, enzyme activity and regulation

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp99141 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 221 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Paraskevi Diakou ◽

Laurence Svanella ◽

Philippe Raymond ◽

Jean-Pierre Gaudillère ◽

Annick Moing

Keyword(s):

Malic Acid ◽

Protein Level ◽

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase ◽

Phosphorylation Site ◽

Acid Synthesis ◽

Grape Berry ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Normal Acid

The protein level and regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31, involved in malic acid synthesis) was studied during the fruit development of two grape (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Gora Chirine’, with berries of normal and low organic acid content, respectively. The protein level and in vitro activity were higher in the low-acid variety than in the normal-acid variety for most stages. In vivo PEPC activity, measured using 14 CO2 labelling, was significantly higher in the low-acid variety than in the normal-acid variety about 1 week before and 1 week after veraison (the day which corresponds to the onset of ripening). However, partitioning into malate was the same for both varieties. Antibodies raised against the N-terminal part of SorghumPEPC recognised the grape berry PEPC, indicating the presence of the consensus phosphorylation site involved in PEPC regulation. PEPC phosphorylation status was estimated by studying sensitivity to pH and malate. Grape berry PEPC appeared more sensitive to low pH and malate during ripening (IC50 malate, 0.2–0.7 mM) compared to during the earlier stages of development (IC50 malate, 1.2–2 mM) for both varieties. Therefore, in the normal-acid variety, PEPC seems to participate in controlling malic acid accumulation but does not seem to control the differences in malic acid concentration observed between the two varieties.

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