Release by Electrical Stimulation of Endogenous Glutamate, ?-Aminobutyric Acid, and Other Amino Acids from Slices of the Rat Medulla Oblongata

1989 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoru Kihara ◽  
Yoshimi Misu ◽  
Takao Kubo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Stimulation Of

Control of mouth opening and pharynx protrusion during feeding in the sea anemone Calliactis parasitica

1975 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-626
Author(s):  
I. D. McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Mouth Opening ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Conducting System ◽  
Nerve Net ◽  
Calliactis Parasitica ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Activity in all three known conducting systems (the nerve net, SS1, and SS2) may accompany feeding in Calliactis. The most marked response is an increase in pulse frequency in the SS2 (the endodermal slow conducting system) during mouth opening and pharynx protrusion. 2. Electrical stimulation of the SS2 at a frequency of one shock every 5 s elicits mouth opening and pharynx protrusion in the absence of food. 3. A rise in SS2 pulse frequency is also evoked by food extracts, some amino acids, and in particular by the tripeptide reduced glutathione, which produces a response at a concentration of 10(−5) M. 4. Although the SS2 is an endodermal system, the receptors involved in the response to food appear to be ectodermal. 5. The epithelium that lines the pharynx conducts SS1 pulses, but there is some evidence for polarization of conduction.

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