Online Micro–Controller Non–Invasive Blood Pressure Monitoring System (E–BPM)

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelvin Tan ◽  
Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman ◽  
Ruzairi Abdul Rahim ◽  
Muhamad Jaysuman ◽  
Salinda Buyamin

Pengukuran tekanan darah telahpun merupakan sebahagian daripada pemeriksaan klinikal pada zaman perubatan moden ini. Dua daripada kaedah yang sering diaplikasi dalam mengukur tekanan darah secara tidak langsung ialah kaedah auskultatori dan kaedah osilometrik. Namun, kaedah konvensional auskultatori dengan menggunakan tolok tekanan dan stetoskop masih diguna secara meluas oleh doktor. Masalah utama dalam mengaplikasi cara konvensional ini ialah berlakunya ketidaktepatan bacaan akibat daripada kepekaan di kalangan doktor yang berlainan dalam menentukan tekanan darah bagi pesakit mereka. Sebaliknya, penggunaan mesin pengukur tekanan darah elektronik telah memberi penyelesaian bagi mengatasi masalah tersebut, tetapi ia masih tidak mampu menunjukkan keadaan denyutan jantung pesakit. Sebagai langkah untuk mengatasi masalah ini, sistem pengukur tekanan darah tidak langsung berdasarkan mikropengawal (e-BPM) telah direka bentuk dalam kajian ini bagi memberi pengukuran tekanan darah yang lebih mudah dan tepat melalui kaedah osilometrik. Untuk mengukur tekanan darah, tekanan yang di dapati di lengan akan dihantar ke port pengesan tekanan. e–BPM ini direka bagi memaparkan hasil pengukuran bersama-sama dengan isyarat ayunan (di mana ia mewakili keadaan denyupan jantung pesakit) pada skrin komputer. Selain itu, hasil pengukuran juga boleh dicetak bagi tujuan rujukan. Kajian ini, memaparkan hasil simulasi bersama–sama dengan isyarat ayunan, iaitu pendedahan kepada applikasi pengukuran tekanan darah secara tidak langsung. Ia juga boleh memberikan bacaan kadar denyutan dengan tepat. Sebagai tambahan, bagi ukuran tekanan darah, ketepatan sistem tersebut boleh diterima dengan merujuk depada nilai mean yang dihasilkan. Bagaimanapun, terdapat coefficients yang perlu dikaji semula untuk menambahbaik ketepatan dalam menjalankan ukuran tekanan darah. Kata kunci: Tekanan darah; pengesan tekanan Measurements of blood pressure have been part of the basic clinical examination since the earliest days of modern medicine. Two of the most commonly used methods in performing the non–invasive blood pressure measurement are the auscultatory method and the oscillometric method. However, the conventional auscultatory method using sphygmomanometer and stethoscope is still widely used by doctors. The main problem in implementing this conventional method is the inaccuracy in readings due to the different abilities among doctors in sensing their patients’ blood pressure. On the other hand, the usage of oscillometric electronic blood pressure monitors has provided a good solution to the problem but the limitation is that they do not indicate the patient’s heartbeat condition. As a solution, the online micro–controller based non–invasive blood pressure monitoring system (e–BPM) is developed in this study to provide a more convenient and accurate measurement of blood pressure using the principles of the oscillometric method. In performing the blood pressure measurement, the medical hardware delivers the pressure inside arm cuff to the pressure sensor port. The e–BPM is developed to display the measurement results with oscillation signal waveform (which indicates the patient’s heartbeat condition) on the computer screen where the results can be printed out for reference. The simulation results show the oscillation signal waveform, giving a comprehensive exposure in the application of non–invasive blood pressure measurement. The developed e–BPM is accurate in giving the measurement of pulse rate. In addition, for blood pressure measurements, the accuracy of the system is still acceptable by referring to the obtained mean values. However, some applied coefficients should be reviewed in order to improve the accuracy in performing the blood pressure measurement. Key words: Blood pressure; pressure sensor

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (30) ◽  
pp. 2790-2796
Author(s):  
Utpal Dutta ◽  
Mahin Aboobacker B ◽  
Rituparna Bora

BACKGROUND Blood pressure monitoring in intraoperative period is one of the basic parameters in haemodynamic monitoring. This guides an anaesthesiologist to maintain an optimal condition between the patient’s stress condition and the depth of anaesthesia. Blood pressure can be measured either invasively or non-invasively in patients undergoing surgery. Invasive measurement from an arterial line is the preferred method even though there may be calibration errors, movement artefacts and over or under damping. The gold standard in cases of high-risk prolonged surgery is continuous monitoring of blood pressure by means of invasive blood pressure (IBP) measurement. The purpose of this study was to compare the non-invasive and invasive blood pressure monitoring in patients undergoing high risk surgeries METHODS After getting institutional ethical committee (H) clearance, study was conducted on 40 patients undergoing high-risk prolonged surgeries. Non-invasive blood pressures (NIBP) were recorded by oscillometric method before intubation, after intubation, half an hour after intubation and one hour after intubation. Simultaneously invasive blood pressure monitoring was done by establishing radial artery line. Bland-Altman plot was used to compare the blood pressure measurement by the non-invasive and invasive method. RESULTS Systolic blood pressure readings using non-invasive blood pressure monitoring was overestimated, diastolic and mean arterial pressure (MAP) readings using noninvasive blood pressure monitoring was underestimated in all instances. In all time points non-invasive blood pressure showed a good correlation with invasive blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that there is statistically significant difference between noninvasive and invasive blood pressure readings. We recommend invasive blood pressure monitoring in high-risk surgeries and critically ill patients, although a large-scale study is required to arrive at a conclusion. KEYWORDS Non-invasive Blood Pressure, Invasive Blood Pressure, Bland-Altman Analysis, High Risk Surgery


2006 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Seed ◽  
Charlotte Boardman ◽  
Mark Davies

INTRODUCTION The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI) guidelines Recommendations for standards of monitoring during anaesthesia and recovery state that cardiovascular monitoring for induction of general anaesthesia should include pulse oximetry and non-invasive blood pressure measurement, but recognise that young patients may not co-operate sufficiently to allow this. The aim of this study was to look at levels of compliance possible for pulse oximetry and non-invasive blood pressure measurement, in a population known to be unco-operative with therapeutic interventions. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective review of 500 records of patients attending for chair dental general anaesthesia was carried out. It was recorded whether pre-operatively pulse oximetry and non-invasive blood pressure measurement had been allowed in addition to the child's age and sex. RESULTS Of the children, 52% were male and 48% were female. The age range was 2–15 years. Overall, 448 children co-operated with both pulse oximetry and non-invasive blood pressure measurement. Co-operation appeared to increase with increasing age. DISCUSSION Of the children, 90% were co-operative with pre-operative monitoring. It could easily be assumed that many of these children, who are referred for general anaesthesia because they are less co-operative than their peers, would not allow proper pre-operative cardiovascular monitoring. This does not appear to be the case. CONCLUSIONS The majority of children, including the very young, attending for chair dental general anaesthesia, will co-operate sufficiently to allow cardiovascular monitoring during induction of anaesthesia, even though the majority will not tolerate exodontia under local anaesthesia.


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