Full-Coverage Film Cooling: Film Effectiveness and Heat Transfer Coefficients for Dense Hole Arrays at Different Hole Angles, Contraction Ratios, and Blowing Ratios

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Ligrani ◽  
Matt Goodro ◽  
Mike Fox ◽  
Hee-Koo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Test Surface ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Contraction Ratio ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Experimental results are presented for a full-coverage film cooling arrangement which simulates a portion of a gas turbine engine, with appropriate streamwise static pressure gradient. The test surface utilizes varying blowing ratio (BR) along the length of the contraction passage which contains the cooling hole arrangement. For the different experimental conditions examined, film cooling holes are sharp-edged and streamwise inclined either at 20 deg or 30 deg with respect to the liner surface. The film cooling holes in adjacent streamwise rows are staggered with respect to each other. Data are provided for turbulent film cooling, contraction ratios of 1, 3, 4, and 5, blowing ratios (at the test section entrance) of 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0, coolant Reynolds numbers Refc of 10,000–12,000, freestream temperatures from 75 °C to 115 °C, a film hole diameter of 7 mm, and density ratios from 1.15 to 1.25. Nondimensional streamwise and spanwise film cooling hole spacings, X/D and Y/D, are 6, and 5, respectively. When the streamwise hole inclination angle is 20 deg spatially averaged and line-averaged adiabatic effectiveness values at each x/D location are about the same as the contraction ratio varies between 1, 3, and 4, with slightly higher values at each x/D location when the contraction ratio Cr is 5. For each contraction ratio, there is a slight increase in effectiveness when the blowing ratio is increased from 2.0 to 5.0 but there is no further substantial improvement when the blowing ratio is increased to 10.0. Overall, line-averaged and spatially averaged-adiabatic film effectiveness data, and spatially averaged heat transfer coefficient data are described as they are affected by contraction ratio, blowing ratio, hole angle α, and streamwise location x/D. For example, when α = 20 deg, the detrimental effects of mainstream acceleration are apparent since heat transfer coefficients for contraction ratios Cr of 3 and 5 are often higher than values for Cr = 1, especially for x/D > 100.

Full-Coverage Film Cooling: Film Effectiveness and Heat Transfer Coefficients for Dense Hole Arrays at Different Hole Angles, Contraction Ratios, and Blowing Ratios

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Goodro ◽  
Phil Ligrani ◽  
Mike Fox ◽  
Hee-Koo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Test Surface ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Contraction Ratio ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Experimental results are presented for a full coverage film cooling arrangement which simulates a portion of a gas turbine engine, with appropriate streamwise static pressure gradient. The test surface utilizes varying blowing ratio along the length of the contraction passage which contains the cooling hole arrangement. For the different experimental conditions examined, film cooling holes are sharp-edged and streamwise inclined either at 20° or 30° with respect to the liner surface. The film cooling holes in adjacent streamwise rows are staggered with respect to each other. Data are provided for turbulent film cooling, contraction ratios of 1, 3, 4, and 5, blowing ratios (at the test section entrance) of 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0, coolant Reynolds numbers Refc of 10,000 to 12,000, freestream temperatures from 75°C to 115°C, a film hole diameter of 7 mm, and density ratios from 1.15 to 1.25. Non-dimensional streamwise and spanwise film cooling hole spacings, X/D and Y/D, are 6, and 5, respectively. When the streamwise hole inclination angle is 20°, spatially-averaged and line-averaged adiabatic effectiveness values at each x/D location are about the same as the contraction ratio varies between 1, 3, and 4, with slightly higher values at each x/D location when the contraction ratio Cr is 5. For each contraction ratio, there is a slight increase in effectiveness when the blowing ratio is increased from 2.0 to 5.0 but there is no further substantial improvement when the blowing ratio is increased to 10.0. Overall, line-averaged and spatially-averaged adiabatic film effectiveness data, and spatially-averaged heat transfer coefficient data are described as they are affected by contraction ratio, blowing ratio, hole angle α, and streamwise location x/D. For example, when α = 20°, the detrimental effects of mainstream acceleration are apparent since heat transfer coefficients for contraction ratios Cr of 3 and 5 are often higher than values for Cr = 1, especially for x/D > 100.

Full-Coverage Film Cooling: Film Effectiveness and Heat Transfer Coefficients for Dense and Sparse Hole Arrays at Different Blowing Ratios

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Goodro ◽  
Phil Ligrani ◽  
Mike Fox ◽  
Hee-Koo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Hole Array ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Hole Arrays ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Experimental results are presented for a full coverage film cooling arrangement which simulates a portion of a gas turbine engine, with appropriate streamwise static pressure gradient and varying blowing ratio along the length of the contraction passage which contains the cooling hole arrangement. Film cooling holes are sharp-edged, streamwise inclined at 20° with respect to the liner surface, and are arranged with a length to diameter ratio of 8.35. The film cooling holes in adjacent streamwise rows are staggered with respect to each other. Data are provided for turbulent film cooling, contraction ratios of 1 and 4, blowing ratios (at the test section entrance) of 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0, coolant Reynolds numbers Refc from 10,000 to 12,000, freestream temperatures from 75°C to 115°C, a film hole diameter of 7 mm, and density ratios from 1.15 to 1.25. Changes to X/D and Y/D, non-dimensional streamwise and spanwise film cooling hole spacings, with Y/D of 3, 5, and 7, and with X/D of 6 and 18, are considered. For all X/D = 6 hole spacings, only a slight increase in effectiveness (local, line-averaged, and spatially-averaged) values are present as the blowing ratio increases from 2.0 to 5.0, with no significant differences when the blowing ratio increases from 5.0 to 10.0. This lack of dependence on blowing ratio indicates a condition where excess coolant is injected into the mainstream flow, a situation not evidenced by data obtained with the X/D = 18 hole spacing arrangement. With this sparse array configuration, local and spatially-averaged effectiveness generally increase continually as the blowing ratio becomes larger. Line-averaged and spatially-averaged heat transfer coefficients are generally higher at each streamwise location, also with larger variations with streamwise development, with the X/D = 6 hole array, compared to the X/D = 18 array.

Full-Coverage Film Cooling: Film Effectiveness and Heat Transfer Coefficients for Dense and Sparse Hole Arrays at Different Blowing Ratios

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Ligrani ◽  
Matt Goodro ◽  
Mike Fox ◽  
Hee-Koo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Hole Array ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Hole Arrays ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Experimental results are presented for a full coverage film cooling arrangement which simulates a portion of a gas turbine engine, with appropriate streamwise static pressure gradient and varying blowing ratio along the length of the contraction passage which contains the cooling hole arrangement. Film cooling holes are sharp-edged, streamwise inclined at 20 deg with respect to the liner surface, and are arranged with a length to diameter ratio of 8.35. The film cooling holes in adjacent streamwise rows are staggered with respect to each other. Data are provided for turbulent film cooling, contraction ratios of 1 and 4, blowing ratios (at the test section entrance) of 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0, coolant Reynolds numbers Refc from 10,000 to 12,000 (for a blowing ratio of 5.0), freestream temperatures from 75 °C to 115 °C, a film hole diameter of 7 mm, and density ratios from 1.15 to 1.25. Changes to X/D and Y/D, nondimensional streamwise and spanwise film cooling hole spacings, with Y/D of 3, 5, and 7, and with X/D of 6 and 18, are considered. For all X/D=6 hole spacings, only a slight increase in effectiveness (local, line-averaged, and spatially-averaged) values are present as the blowing ratio increases from 2.0 to 5.0, with no significant differences when the blowing ratio increases from 5.0 to 10.0. This lack of dependence on blowing ratio indicates a condition where excess coolant is injected into the mainstream flow, a situation not evidenced by data obtained with the X/D=18 hole spacing arrangement. With this sparse array configuration, local and spatially-averaged effectiveness generally increase continually as the blowing ratio becomes larger. Line-averaged and spatially-averaged heat transfer coefficients are generally higher at each streamwise location, also with larger variations with streamwise development, with the X/D=6 hole array, compared to the X/D=18 array.

Louver Slot Cooling and Full-Coverage Film Cooling With a Combination Internal Coolant Supply

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Click ◽  
Phillip M. Ligrani ◽  
Maggie Hockensmith ◽  
Joseph Knox ◽  
Chandler Larson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Test Surface ◽  
Test Plate ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Impingement Jet ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Abstract Within the present investigation, a louver slot is employed upstream of an array full coverage film cooling holes. Cooling air is supplied using a combination arrangement, with cross-flow and impingement together. The louver consists of a row of film cooling holes, contained within a specially-designed device which concentrates, and directs the coolant from a slot, so that it then advects as a layer downstream along the test surface. This louver-supplied coolant is then supplemented by coolant which emerges from different rows of downstream film cooling holes. The same coolant supply passage is employed for the louver row of holes, as well as for the film cooling holes, such that different louver and film cooling mass flow rates are set by different hole diameters for the two different types of cooling holes. The results are different from data provided by past investigations, because of the use and arrangement of the louver slot, and because of the unique coolant supply configurations. The experimental results are given for mainstream Reynolds numbers from 107000 to 114000. Full-coverage blowing ratios are constant with streamwise location along the test surface, and range from 3.68 to 5.70. Corresponding louver slot blowing ratios then range from 1.72 to 2.65. Provided are heat transfer coefficient and adiabatic effectiveness distributions, which are measured along the mainstream side of the test plate. Both types of data show less variation with streamwise development location, relative to results obtained without a louver employed, when examined at the same approximate effective blowing ratio, mainstream Reynolds number, cross flow Reynolds number, and impingement jet Reynolds number. When compared at the same effective blowing ratio or the same impingement jet Reynolds number, spanwise-averaged heat transfer coefficients are consistently lower, especially for the downstream regions of the test plate, when the louver is utilized. With the same type of comparisons, the presence of the louver slot results in significantly higher values of adiabatic film cooling effectiveness (spanwise-averaged), particularly at and near the upstream portions of the test plate. With such characteristics, dramatic increases in thermal protection are provided by the presence of the louver slot, the magnitudes of which vary with experimental condition and test surface location.

Louver Slot Cooling and Full-Coverage Film Cooling With a Combination Internal Coolant Supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Click ◽  
Phillip M. Ligrani ◽  
Maggie Hockensmith ◽  
Joseph Knox ◽  
Chandler Larson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Test Surface ◽  
Test Plate ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Impingement Jet ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Abstract Within the present investigation, a louver slot is employed upstream of an array full-coverage film cooling holes. Cooling air is supplied using a combination arrangement, with cross-flow and impingement together. The louver consists of a row of film cooling holes, contained within a specially designed device that concentrates and directs the coolant from a slot, so that it then advects as a layer downstream along the test surface. This louver-supplied coolant is then supplemented by coolant which emerges from different rows of downstream film cooling holes. The same coolant supply passage is employed for the louver row of holes, as well as for the film cooling holes, such that different louver and film cooling mass flowrates are set by different hole diameters for the two different types of cooling holes. The results are different from data provided by past investigations, because of the use and arrangement of the louver slot, and because of the unique coolant supply configurations. The experimental results are given for mainstream Reynolds numbers from 107,000 to 114,000. Full-coverage blowing ratios are constant with streamwise location along the test surface and range from 3.68 to 5.70. Corresponding louver slot blowing ratios then range from 1.72 to 2.65. Provided are heat transfer coefficient and adiabatic effectiveness distributions, which are measured along the mainstream side of the test plate. Both types of data show less variation with streamwise development location, relative to results obtained without a louver employed, when examined at the same approximate effective blowing ratio, mainstream Reynolds number, cross-flow Reynolds number, and impingement jet Reynolds number. When compared at the same effective blowing ratio or the same impingement jet Reynolds number, spanwise-averaged heat transfer coefficients are consistently lower, especially for the downstream regions of the test plate, when the louver is utilized. With the same type of comparisons, the presence of the louver slot results in significantly higher values of adiabatic film cooling effectiveness (spanwise-averaged), particularly at and near the upstream portions of the test plate. With such characteristics, dramatic increases in thermal protection are provided by the presence of the louver slot, the magnitudes of which vary with the experimental condition and test surface location.

Film Cooling From Spanwise-Oriented Holes in Two Staggered Rows

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 562-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Ligrani ◽  
A. E. Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Test Surface ◽  
Spanwise Direction ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Streamwise Location ◽  
Adiabatic Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Adiabatic effectiveness and iso-energetic heat transfer coefficients are presented from measurements downstream of film-cooling holes inclined at 30 deg. with respect to the test surface in spanwise/normal planes. With this configuration, holes are spaced 3d apart in the spanwise direction and 4d in the streamwise direction in two staggered rows. Results are presented for an injectant to free-stream density ratio near 1.0, and injection blowing ratios from 0.5 to 1.5. Spanwise-averaged adiabatic effectiveness values downstream of the spanwise/normal plane holes are significantly higher than values measured downstream of simple angle holes for x/d < 25–70(depending on blowing ratio) when compared for the same normalized streamwise location, blowing ratio, and spanwise and streamwise hole spacings. Spanwise-averaged iso-energetic Stanton number ratios range between 1.0 and 1.41, increase with blowing ratio at each streamwise station, and show little variation with streamwise location for each value of blowing ratio tested.

Full-Coverage Film Cooling: Heat Transfer Coefficients and Film Effectiveness for a Sparse Hole Array at Different Blowing Ratios and Contraction Ratios

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Ligrani ◽  
Matt Goodro ◽  
Michael D. Fox ◽  
Hee-Koo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Test Section ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Hole Array ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Contraction Ratio ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Effectiveness Data

The present experimental investigation considers a full coverage film cooling arrangement with differrent streamwise static pressure gradients. The film cooling holes in adjacent streamwise rows are staggered with respect to each other, with sharp edges, and streamwise inclination angles of 20 degrees with respect to the liner surface. Data are provided for turbulent film cooling, contraction ratios of 1 and 4, blowing ratios (at the test section entrance) of 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0, coolant Reynolds numbers of 12,000, freestream temperatures from 75°C to 115°C, a film hole diameter of 7 mm, and density ratios from 1.15 to 1.25. Non-dimensional streamwise and spanwise film cooling hole spacings, X/D and Y/D, are 18, and 5, respectively. Data illustrating the effects of contraction ratio, blowing ratio, and streamwise location on local, line-averaged and spatially-averaged adiabatic film effectiveness data, and on local, line-averaged and spatially-averaged heat transfer coefficient data are presented. Varying blowing ratio values are utilized along the length of the contraction passage, which contains the cooling hole arrangement, when contraction ratio is 4. Dependence on blowing ratio indicates important influences of coolant concentration and distribution. For example, line-averaged and spatially-averaged adiabatic effectiveness data show vastly different changes with blowing ratio BR for the configurations with contraction ratios of 1 and 4. These changes from acceleration are thus mostly due to different blowing ratio distributions along the test section. In particular, much larger effectiveness alterations are present as BR changes from 2.0 to 10.0, when significant acceleration is present and Cr = 4 (in comparison with the Cr = 1 data). When BR = 10.0, much smaller changes due to different contract ratios are present. This is because coolant distributions along the test surfaces are so abundant that magnitudes of streamwise acceleration (and different streamwise variations of blowing ratio) have little effect on near-wall film concentration distributions, or on variations of film cooling effectiveness.

Full-Coverage Film Cooling: Heat Transfer Coefficients and Film Effectiveness for a Sparse Hole Array at Different Blowing Ratios and Contraction Ratios

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Ligrani ◽  
Matt Goodro ◽  
Michael D. Fox ◽  
Hee-Koo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Hole Array ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Streamwise Location ◽  
Contraction Ratio ◽  
Inclination Angles ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Effectiveness Data

The present experimental investigation considers a full coverage film cooling arrangement with different streamwise static pressure gradients. The film cooling holes in adjacent streamwise rows are staggered with respect to each other, with sharp edges and streamwise inclination angles of 20 deg with respect to the liner surface. Data are provided for turbulent film cooling, contraction ratios of 1 and 4, blowing ratios (BRs) (at the test section entrance) of 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0, a coolant Reynolds number of 12,000, freestream temperatures from 75 °C to 115 °C, a film hole diameter of 7 mm, and density ratios from 1.15 to 1.25. Nondimensional streamwise and spanwise film cooling hole spacings, X/D and Y/D, are 18 and 5, respectively. Data illustrating the effects of contraction ratio, BR, and streamwise location on local, line-averaged, and spatially averaged adiabatic film effectiveness data; and on local, line-averaged and spatially averaged heat transfer coefficient data are presented. Varying BR values are present along the length of the contraction passage, which contains the cooling hole arrangement, when contraction ratio is 4. Dependence on BR indicates important influences of coolant concentration and distribution. For example, line-averaged and spatially averaged adiabatic effectiveness data show vastly different changes with BR for the configurations with contraction ratios of 1 and 4. In addition, much larger effectiveness alterations are present as BR changes from 2.0 to 10.0, when significant acceleration is present and Cr = 4 (in comparison with the Cr = 1 data).

Influence of Passage Flow on Tip Film Cooling Characteristics

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Wang ◽  
Yong Yu ◽  
M. Zeng ◽  
Q. W. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tip Clearance ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Blade Tip ◽  
Film Cooling Holes

Three-dimensional simulations of the squealer tip on the GE-E3 blade with eight film cooling holes were carried out. The effect of different blade spans and different blowing ratios on the tip flow and cooling performance was revealed with the k-ε model. For the squealer tip, the depth of the cavity and the height of the tip clearance were fixed, the influence of different spans (10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% span) on the tip heat transfer was investigated. It was found that the velocity field above the blade tip and the heat transfer distribution on the groove floor for the 10% span (cut-back span) model had no difference from that for the 100% span (whole span) model obviously. However, the leakage flow for the 10% span model showed larger interaction with the passage flow. With different spans, the effect of different blowing ratios, i.e., M = 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2, was investigated. Increasing the blowing ratio (from M = 0.4 to 1.2) increased the film cooling effectiveness and made the heat transfer coefficients of all the models smaller. Because the cut-back model for the 10% span had similar tip flow field with the 100% span model, the simulation for the 10% span model could be used to find out the tip flow and heat transfer for the 100% span model.

Heat Transfer Coefficients and Film Cooling Effectiveness on the Squealer Tip of a Gas Turbine Blade

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Su Kwak ◽  
Je-Chin Han
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Turbine Blade ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Rotor Blade ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Blowing Ratio

Experimental investigations were performed to measure the detailed heat transfer coefficients and film cooling effectiveness on the squealer tip of a gas turbine blade in a five-bladed linear cascade. The blade was a two-dimensional model of a first stage gas turbine rotor blade with a profile of the GE-E3 aircraft gas turbine engine rotor blade. The test blade had a squealer (recessed) tip with a 4.22% recess. The blade model was equipped with a single row of film cooling holes on the pressure side near the tip region and the tip surface along the camber line. Hue detection based transient liquid crystals technique was used to measure heat transfer coefficients and film cooling effectiveness. All measurements were done for the three tip gap clearances of 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.5% of blade span at the two blowing ratios of 1.0 and 2.0. The Reynolds number based on cascade exit velocity and axial chord length was 1.1×106 and the total turning angle of the blade was 97.9 deg. The overall pressure ratio was 1.2 and the inlet and exit Mach numbers were 0.25 and 0.59, respectively. The turbulence intensity level at the cascade inlet was 9.7%. Results showed that the overall heat transfer coefficients increased with increasing tip gap clearance, but decreased with increasing blowing ratio. However, the overall film cooling effectiveness increased with increasing blowing ratio. Results also showed that the overall film cooling effectiveness increased but heat transfer coefficients decreased for the squealer tip when compared to the plane tip at the same tip gap clearance and blowing ratio conditions.

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