scholarly journals Status of the Combined Third and Fourth NGNP Fuel Irradiations in the Advanced Test Reactor

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Blaine Grover ◽  
David A. Petti ◽  
Michael E. Davenport
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fission Product ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
On Line ◽  
Test Reactor

The United States Department of Energy’s Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) Fuel Development and Qualification Program is irradiating up to seven low enriched uranium (LEU) tri-isotopic (TRISO) particle fuel (in compact form) experiments in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) located at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). These irradiations and fuel development are being accomplished to support development of the next generation reactors in the United States. The experiments will be irradiated over the next several years to demonstrate and qualify new TRISO coated particle fuel for use in high temperature gas reactors. The goals of the experiments are to provide irradiation performance data to support fuel process development, to qualify fuel for normal operating conditions, to support development and validation of fuel performance and fission product transport models and codes, and to provide irradiated fuel and materials for post irradiation examination (PIE) and safety testing. The experiments, which will each consist of several independent capsules, will be irradiated in an inert sweep gas atmosphere with individual on-line temperature monitoring and control of each capsule. The sweep gas will also have on-line fission product monitoring on its effluent to track performance of the fuel in each individual capsule during irradiation. The first experiment (designated AGR-1) started irradiation in December 2006 and was completed in November 2009. The second experiment (AGR-2) started irradiation in June 2010 and is currently scheduled to be completed in September 2013. The third and fourth experiments have been combined into a single experiment designated (AGR-3/4), which started its irradiation in December 2011 and is currently scheduled to be completed in April 2014. Since the purpose of this combined experiment is to provide data on fission product migration and retention in the NGNP reactor, the design of this experiment is significantly different from the first two experiments, though the control and monitoring systems are extremely similar. The design of the experiment will be discussed followed by its progress and status to date.

Mission and Status of the First Two Next Generation Nuclear Plant Fuel Irradiation Experiments in the Advanced Test Reactor

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Blaine Grover ◽  
David A. Petti ◽  
John T. Maki
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fission Product ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nuclear Plant ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
States Department ◽  
On Line ◽  
Test Reactor ◽  
And Control

The United States Department of Energy’s Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) Fuel Development and Qualification Program will be irradiating up to nine low enriched uranium (LEU) tri-isotopic (TRISO) particle fuel (in compact form) experiments in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) located at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The ATR has a long history of irradiation testing in support of reactor development and the INL has been designated as the United States Department of Energy’s lead laboratory for nuclear energy development. These irradiations and fuel development are being accomplished to support development of the next generation reactors in the United States, and the irradiations will be completed over the next five to six years to support demonstration and qualification of new TRISO coated particle fuel for use in high temperature gas reactors. The goals of the irradiation experiments are to provide irradiation performance data to support fuel process development, to qualify fuel for normal operating conditions, to support development and validation of fuel performance and fission product transport models and codes, and to provide irradiated fuel and materials for post irradiation examination (PIE) and safety testing. The experiments, which will each consist of multiple separate capsules, will be irradiated in an inert sweep gas atmosphere with individual on-line temperature monitoring and control of each capsule. The sweep gas will also have on-line fission product monitoring on its effluent to track performance of the fuel in each individual capsule during irradiation. The first experiment (designated AGR-1) started irradiation in December 2006 and completed a very successful irradiation in early November 2009. The second experiment (AGR-2) is currently being fabricated and assembled for insertion in the ATR in the early to mid calendar 2010. The design of test trains, the support systems and the fission product monitoring system used to monitor and control the experiment during irradiation will be discussed. In addition, the purpose and differences between the first two experiments will be compared, and updated information on the design and status of AGR-2 is provided. The preliminary irradiation results for the AGR-1 experiment are also presented.

scholarly journals Observed Defects of Swiss Cheese Based on the Microbiome Contribution to the Production of Organic Acids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vannessa D. Campfield
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Swiss Cheese ◽  
Generation Sequencing ◽  
Eye Formation

The United States Department of Agriculture downgrades on the order of 17% of all Swiss cheese produced in the United States due to defects. Many of these defects are related to improper eye formation, number, distribution, or size; leading to an industry loss of over $69 million per annum. The microbiome in Swiss-type cheeses plays a significant role in eye development due to production of organic acids and gaseous emissions contingent on bacterial abundance and phenotype. The relationship between bacteria and the organic acids they produce leading to Swiss cheese defects can be correlated using Next-generation sequencing and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV-Vis and mass spectrometry, respectively. From two processing facilities, Next-generation sequencing identified bacterial genera Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium to be associated with split/cracked cheese defects, and Clostridium sensu stricto 12, Propionibacterium, and Lactobacillus to be associated with irregular Eye formation/distribution (or collapsed eye formation) defects in Swiss cheese. Also identified through Next-generation sequencing was the genera "Candidatus Berkiella", Propionibacterium, and Lactobacillus to be associated with blind defects in Swiss cheese. Chromatographic separation and identification of organic acids provided evidence that lower levels of acetic and propionic acids were found in the split/cracked cheese samples; lower abundance of acetic, lactic, propionic and butyric acids were found in blind cheese samples (while a higher abundance of citric acid was found); and lower concentrations of citric, acetic, and propionic acids were found in irregular eye distribution samples. From these data, it can be concluded that Swiss cheese monitoring for bacteria in the genera Lactobacillus, Propionibacterium, Clostridium sensu stricto 12, and "Candidatus Berkiella" can be used as a predictor of three types of cheese defects before and during long storage times leading to inferior product resulting in losses to the processor while organic acid monitoring results proved to be inconclusive.

THE NEW CURRICULUM STANDARDS FOR ASTRONOMY IN THE UNITED STATES

2015 ◽  
pp. 131-151
Author(s):  
Sharon P. Schleigh ◽  
Stephanie J. Slater ◽  
Timothy F. Slater ◽  
Debra J. Stork
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Next Generation Science Standards ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Curriculum Standards ◽  
Science Standards ◽  
New Curriculum

Há um grande interesse em restringir a ampla gama e vasto domínio dos possíveis temas que poderiam ser ensinados sobre astronomia em uma estrutura gerenciável. Embora não haja nenhum currículo nacional obrigatório nos Estados Unidos, uma análise dos três esforços nacionais recentes para criar uma sequência apropriada de conceitos de astronomia por idade para serem ensinados nas escolas primárias e secundárias revela uma considerável falta de consenso a respeito de quais conceitos são mais apropriados para cada idade e quais tópicos devem ser cobertos. O esquema de padronização mais recente para a educação científica dos EUA, o Next Generation Science Standards (Padrões em Ciência: Nova Geração), sugere que a maioria dos conceitos de astronomia devem ser ensinados apenas nos últimos anos de educação do aluno; e no entanto  foi recebido com críticas consideráveis. Uma comparação dos esquemas de aprendizagem da astronomia nos Estados Unidos e uma breve discussão das críticas levantadas podem proporcionar aos educadores de astronomia internacionais dados de comparação na formulação de recomendações em suas próprias regiões.

Photovoltaics in the United States Department of Defense

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Hoelscher ◽  
R. Ducey ◽  
G. D. Smith ◽  
L. W. Strother ◽  
C. Combs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
States Department
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