Stress Intensity Factor Solutions for Circumferential Surface Cracks With Large Aspect Ratios in Pipes Subjected to Global Bending

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kisaburo Azuma ◽  
Yinsheng Li ◽  
Kunio Hasegawa ◽  
Do Jun Shim
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Intensity Factor ◽  
Crack Depth ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Surface Cracks ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
Primary Water ◽  
Crack Depth Ratio

In some cracks attributed to primary water stress corrosion cracking, the crack depth a was greater than half-length of the crack 0.5ℓ. This paper presents details of stress intensity factor solutions for circumferential surface cracks with large aspect ratios a/ℓ in piping system subjected to global bending. The stress intensity factor solutions for semi-elliptical surface cracks were obtained by finite element analyses with quadratic hexahedron elements. Solutions at the deepest and the surface points of the cracks with various aspect ratio (0.5 ≤ a/ℓ ≤ 4.0), crack depth ratio (0.01 ≤ a/t ≤ 0.8) and pipe sizes ( 1/80 ≤ t/Ri ≤ 1/2) were investigated, where t and Ri are wall thickness and inner radius of pipe, respectively. Proposed stress intensity factor solutions for cracks with a/ℓ = 0.5 are consistent with the values reported in the previous study. The solutions developed in this study are widely applicable to various engineering problems related to crack evaluation in piping systems.

Effect of Helix Angle on the Stress Intensity Factor of a Cracked Threaded Bolt

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Suresh Kumar ◽  
Raghu V. Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Intensity Factor ◽  
Crack Depth ◽  
Helix Angle ◽  
Mode Ii ◽  
Mode Iii ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Depth Ratio ◽  
Crack Depth Ratio

The fracture behavior of a crack in a threaded bolt depends on the stress intensity factor (SIF). Available SIF solutions have approximated the threaded bolt as a circular groove, thus, the SIF predominantly corresponds to the opening mode, mode-I. As a thread in a bolt has a helix angle, the crack propagates under mixed mode conditions (opening, sliding and tearing), esp. when the crack sizes are small. This paper presents the results of SIF solutions for a part-through crack emanating from a Metric threaded bolt. A 3D finite element model with preexisting flaws was generated to calculate the SIF values along the crack front. Crack aspect ratios in the range of (0.2 < (a/c) < 1) and crack depth ratios in the range of (0.1 < (a/d) < 0.5) (where “a” is crack length, “c” is semi major axis of ellipse and “d” is minor diameter of the bolt) were considered along the crack plane for the SIF estimation. The SIF values at the midregion decreases with an increase in aspect ratio (a/c), and SIF increases when the crack depth ratio (a/d) increases in the midregion. Close to the free edges, higher SIF values was observed for crack depth and aspect ratios ranging between 0.2 and 0.6 compared to midregion. In the crack surface region, up to a crack depth ratio of 0.25, significant influence of mode-II and mode-III fracture was noted for shallow cracks (a/c < 0.2). Significant influence of mode-II and mode-III fracture was observed for semicircular cracks (a/c = 1) beyond the crack depth ratio of 0.3.

Stress Intensity Factors for Unusual Semi-Elliptical Surface Cracks With Ratio a/l Greater Than 0.5

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Malekian ◽  
Eric Wyart ◽  
Michael Savelsberg ◽  
David Lacroix ◽  
Anne Teughels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Finite Elements ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Intensity Factor ◽  
Crack Depth ◽  
Surface Cracks ◽  
Extended Finite Element ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Theoretical Limitation

Most of the literature about fracture mechanics treats cracks with a flaw aspect ratio a/l lower or equal to 0.5 where a is the crack depth and l the total length of the crack. The limitation to 0.5 corresponds to a semi-circular shape for surface cracks and to circular cracks for subsurface cracks. This limitation does not seem to be inspired by a theoretical limitation nor by a computational limit. Moreover, limiting the aspect ratio a/l to 0.5 may generate some unnecessary conservatism in flaw analysis. The present article deals with surface cracks in plates with more unusual aspect ratios a/l&gt;0.5 (narrow cracks). A series of Finite-Elements calculations is made to compute the stress intensity factor KI for a large range of crack depths having an aspect ratio greater than 0.5. The KI values can be used with the same formalism as the ASME XI Appendix A, such that this approach can provide an extension above the inherent limitation to 0.5. Some of the results obtained are checked by using two different Finite-Elements softwares (Systus and Ansys), each one with a different cracked mesh. In addition, a comparison is made for some cases with results obtained by a XFEM approach (eXtended Finite-Element Method), where the crack does not need to be meshed in the same way as in classical Finite-Elements. The results show a reduction of stress intensity factor, sometimes significant, when considering a flaw aspect ratio above 0.5 instead of the conventional semi-circular flaw. They also show that it is not always possible to reduce the analysis of KI to only 2 points, namely the crack surface point and the crack deepest point. The growth by fatigue or by corrosion of a crack with such unusual shape should still be investigated.

Closed-Form Stress Intensity Factor Solutions for Deep Surface Cracks in Cylinders Subjected to Global Bending

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kisaburo Azuma ◽  
Yinsheng Li ◽  
Kunio Hasegawa ◽  
Do Jun Shim
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Intensity Factor ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Surface Cracks ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Primary Water

Materials made of alloy 82/182/600 used in pressurized water reactors are known to be susceptible to primary water stress corrosion cracking. The depth, a, of flaws due to primary water stress corrosion cracking can be larger than half of the crack length c, which is referred to as cracks with large aspect ratios. The stress intensity factor solution for cracks plays an important role to predict crack propagation and failure. However, Section XI of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code does not provide the solutions for cracks with large aspect ratio. This paper presents the stress intensity factor solutions for circumferential surface cracks with large aspect ratios in cylinders under global bending loads. Finite element solutions were used to fit closed-form equations with influence coefficients Ggb. The closed-form solutions for coefficient Ggb were developed at the deepest points and the surface points of the cracks with aspect ratio a/c ranged from 1.0 to 8.0.

Closed-Form Stress Intensity Factor Solutions for Surface Cracks With Large Aspect Ratios in Plates

2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kisaburo Azuma ◽  
Yinsheng Li ◽  
Steven Xu
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Intensity Factor ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
Influence Coefficient ◽  
Maximum Point ◽  
Surface Cracks ◽  
Fourth Degree ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Influence Coefficients

Abstract Alloy 82/182/600, which is used in light-water reactors, is known to be susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking. The depth of some of these cracks may exceed the value of half-length on the surface. Although the stress intensity factor (SIF) for cracks plays an important role in predicting crack propagation and failure, Section XI of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code does not provide SIF solutions for such deep cracks. In this study, closed-form SIF solutions for deep surface cracks in plates are discussed using an influence coefficient approach. The stress distribution at the crack location is represented by a fourth-degree-polynomial equation. Tables for influence coefficients obtained by finite element analysis in the previous studies are used for curve fitting. The closed-form solutions for the influence coefficients were developed at the surface point, the deepest point, and the maximum point of a crack with an aspect ratio a/c ranging from 1.0 to 8.0, where a is the crack depth and c is one-half of the crack length. The maximum point of a crack refers to the location on the crack front where the SIF reaches a maximum value.

Finite Element Analysis of Polyethylene Pipe Butt Fusion Joints with Circumferential Surface Cracks

2013 ◽  
Vol 785-786 ◽  
pp. 1151-1158
Author(s):  
Zhi Bin Zhu ◽  
Xiao Xiang Yang ◽  
Li Jing Chen ◽  
Nai Chang Lin ◽  
Zhi Tuo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Intensity Factor ◽  
Viscoelastic Material ◽  
Surface Crack ◽  
Crack Depth ◽  
Surface Cracks ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Polyethylene Pipe

Based on the viscoelastic material property of polyethylene pipe, software ANSYS was used to simulate and analyze the mechanical property of polyethylene pipe butt fusion joints with circumferential surface crack defects. The viscoelastic material creep parameters were characterized as Prony series and 1/4 node singular element was selected for meshing along the boundaries of the crack, then the stress intensity factor of polyethylene pipe butt fusion joints with circumferential surface crack was calculated under the uniform internal pressure. Through the finite element simulation, the result showed that polyethylene pipe were most likely to fracture failure when crack initiated. Thus the viscoelasticity of materials can be ignored when analyzing the stress intensity factor of circumferential surface cracks of polyethylene pipe. the main influencing factor of the circumferential crack defects was the ratio of the crack depth to the thickness of polyethylene pipe.

Stress Intensity Factors of Various Surface Cracks Inside a Hollow Cylinder Under Steady State Thermal Striping

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki Meshii ◽  
Kentaro Shibata
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Intensity Factor ◽  
Hollow Cylinder ◽  
Crack Depth ◽  
Surface Cracks ◽  
Paris Law ◽  
Thermal Striping

A thermal stress problem of a long hollow cylinder was considered in this paper. The outer surface of the cylinder was adiabatically insulated, and the inner surface was heated axisymmetrically by a fluid with sinusoidal temperature fluctuations (hereafter called as thermal striping), whose temperature amplitude (ΔT) and angular velocity (ω) were constant. The heat transfer coefficient h was also assumed to be constant. The stress intensity factor (SIF) due to the thermal stress for a given cylinder configuration varies not only with these three parameters ΔT, ω, and h, but also with time. The temperature and, as a result, SIF fluctuation amplitude soon became constant (Meshii, T., and Watanabe, K., 2004, “Stress Intensity Factor of a Circumferential Crack in a Thick-Walled Cylinder Under Thermal Striping,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol., 126(2), pp. 157–162), which hereafter is called as steady state. If one is interested in fatigue crack growth (assuming Paris law) under this thermal stress, because the SIF range soon converges to a constant, it seemed important to know the maximum value of the steady state SIF range for a given cylinder configuration, for all possible combinations of ΔT, ω, and h. This maximum SIF evaluation is time consuming. Thus in this paper, this maximum steady state SIF range for four typical surface cracks’ deepest point, inside a hollow cylinder for all possible combinations of ΔT, ω, and h were presented as a first step. Thin-to thick-walled cylinders in the range of mean radius to wall thickness parameter rm/W=10.5–1 were considered. Crack configurations considered were 360 deg continuous circumferential, radial, semi-elliptical in the circumferential and radial directions. Normalized crack depth for all cases was in the range of a/W=0.1–0.5. In case of semi-elliptical crack, the normalized crack length a/c was all in the range of 0.063–1.

Stress-Intensity Factors for Internal and External Surface Cracks in Cylindrical Vessels

1982 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Raju ◽  
J. C. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Intensity Factor ◽  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Stress Intensity Factors ◽  
Crack Depth ◽  
Surface Cracks ◽  
Stress Distributions ◽  
Intensity Factors

The purpose of this paper is to present stress-intensity factor influence coefficients for a wide range of semi-elliptical surface cracks on the inside or outside of a cylinder. The crack surfaces were subjected to four stress distributions: uniform, linear, quadratic, and cubic. These four solutions can be superimposed to obtain stress-intensity factor solutions for other stress distributions, such as those caused by internal pressure and by thermal shock. The results for internal pressure are given herein. The ratio of crack depth to crack length from 0.2 to 1; the ratio of crack depth to wall thickness ranged from 0.2 to 0.8; and the ratio of wall thickness to vessel radius was 0.1 or 0.25. The stress-intensity factors were calculated by a three-dimensional finite-element method. The finite-element models employ singularity elements along the crack front and linear-strain elements elsewhere. The models had about 6500 degrees of freedom. The stress-intensity factors were evaluated from a nodal-force method. The present results were also compared to other analyses of surface cracks in cylinders. The results from a boundary-integral equation method agreed well (±2 percent), and those from other finite-element methods agreed fairly well (±10 percent) with the present results.

Stress Intensity Factors for Closely and Densely Packed Cracks in Partially Autofrettaged Pressurized Thick-Walled Cylinders

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Ma ◽  
C. Levy ◽  
M. Perl
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Intensity Factor ◽  
Radial Crack ◽  
Crack Depth ◽  
Crack Density ◽  
Longitudinal Crack ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Crack Spacing ◽  
Surface Cracks

Due to acute temperature gradients and repetitive high-pressure impulses, extremely dense internal surface cracks can be practically developed in highly pressurized thick-walled vessels, typically in gun barrels. In our previous studies, networks of typical radial and longitudinal-coplanar, semi-elliptical, internal surface cracks have been investigated with an ideal or realistic autofrettage level of 100 percent. We have shown that the combined SIFs are considerably influenced by the three-dimensionality of the problem and the Bauschinger effect (BE) along with dependence on other parameters, such as radial crack density, longitudinal crack spacing, crack depth, crack ellipticity, and the autofrettage level. When pressure is considered solely, radial crack density and longitudinal crack spacing were found to have opposing effects on the prevailing stress intensity factor, KIP. Furthermore, the addition of the negative stress intensity factor (SIF), KIA, resulting from the residual stress field due to autofrettage, whether ideal or realistic, tended to decrease the combined SIF KIN = KIP − |KIA|. Therefore, to assess the fracture endurance and the fatigue life of a cylindrical, autofrettaged, pressure vessel containing such a network of cracks, it is necessary to determine the KIA’s and the KIN’s. However, to assess the SIFs accurately, significant computational efforts and strategies are necessary, especially for networks with closely and packed cracks. In this study, our effort will focus on the KIA and the KIN distribution for numerous configurations of closely and densely packed semi-circular and semi-elliptical networked cracks affected by pressure and partial-to-full autofrettage levels of 30–100%, which is practically seen in autofrettaged thick-walled pressure vessels. The 3-D analysis will be performed via the finite element (FE) method and the submodeling technique employing singular elements along the crack front and the various symmetries of the problem. The network cracks will include up to 128 equally spaced cracks in the radial direction; with relative, longitudinal crack spacing, 2c/d, from 0.1 to 0.99; autofrettage level of 30–100 percent; crack depth to wall thickness ratios, a/t, from 0.01 to 0.4; and, cracks with various ellipticities of crack depth to semi-crack length, a/c, from 0.2 to 2.

THE USE OF XFEM FOR STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR ESTIMATION OF SURFACE CRACKS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Almeida Silva ◽  
Marco Antonio dos Santos ◽  
Gabriel Coêlho
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Intensity Factor ◽  
Surface Cracks ◽  
Factor Estimation
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