scholarly journals Antibody Titers in the Serum of Patients Vaccinated with the Multicomponent Vaccine Consisting of Toxoids of Protease, Elastase and a Common Protective Antigen (OEP)

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1178-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuru YAMAMOTO ◽  
Yoshiyuki KUBOTA ◽  
Motohiro MATSUURA ◽  
J. Yuzuru HOMMA
Keyword(s):  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Multicomponent Vaccine

scholarly journals Development of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for humoral immuneresponse and infection monitoring of anthrax

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 1935
Author(s):  
H. R. NOURI ◽  
H. RAZZAZ ◽  
M. TAGHDIRI ◽  
K. TADAYON ◽  
S. R. BANIHASHEMI
Keyword(s):  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Lethal Factor ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Anthrax Lethal Factor ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Immune Assays

Immune assays were taken into consideration to diagnose and quantify metabolites such as antigen and antibody. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs), which are used to detect antigens and antibodies, generated several periods of infectious and vaccination conditions. There is an extensive range of commercial infectious disease ELISA kits useful for the detection of human and animal IgG, IgA, IgM antibodies and microorganism antigens. Anthrax is one of the serious infectious diseases caused by rod-shaped, gram-positive bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis. Subunit or attenuated vaccines applied against anthrax disease increase the antibody against the Protective Antigen (PA) which has a critical role as a toxin of B. anthracis. Herein, the ELISA was developed using PA domain 4 and anthrax Lethal Factor to detect IgG antibody in serum. Besides, the level of anti-LF antibodies were determined as a complementary test to measure variance in antibody titers associated with vaccination or infection that leads to detection of anthrax in livestock. The results show that we developed high-quality ELISA kit that can be used to test immunogenicity of vaccines and infections in mice. We tried to develop the Anti- PA4 ELISA kit and conduct the validation studies to evaluate the fluctuation level of the antibody in the anthrax vaccine and distinction between disease and vaccination in mice.

scholarly journals Correlation between Lethal Toxin-Neutralizing Antibody Titers and Protection from Intranasal Challenge with Bacillus anthracis Ames Strain Spores in Mice after Transcutaneous Immunization with Recombinant Anthrax Protective Antigen

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 794-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina K. Peachman ◽  
Mangala Rao ◽  
Carl R. Alving ◽  
Robert Burge ◽  
Stephen H. Leppla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Lethal Toxin ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Transcutaneous Immunization ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Anthrax Protective Antigen ◽  
Ames Strain ◽  
Recombinant Protective Antigen

ABSTRACT Transcutaneous immunization of mice with recombinant protective antigen (rPA) of Bacillus anthracis resulted in significantly higher lethal toxin-neutralizing antibody titers than did intramuscular injection of alum-adsorbed rPA. Immunized mice were partially protected against intranasal challenge with 235,000 (10 50% lethal doses) Ames strain B. anthracis spores. A highly significant correlation was observed between toxin-neutralizing antibody titer and survival after challenge. Future experiments with rabbits and nonhuman primates should confirm the significance of protection by this vaccine strategy.

scholarly journals Needle-Free Skin Patch Vaccination Method for Anthrax

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 1181-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary R. Matyas ◽  
Arthur M. Friedlander ◽  
Gregory M. Glenn ◽  
Stephen Little ◽  
Jianmei Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Skin Patch ◽  
Transcutaneous Immunization ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Recombinant Protective Antigen

ABSTRACT Three immunizations of mice with recombinant protective antigen (rPA) by transcutaneous immunization (TCI) induced long-term neutralizing antibody titers that were superior to those obtained with aluminum-adsorbed rPA. In addition, rPA alone exhibited adjuvant activity for TCI. Forty-six weeks after completion of TCI, 100% protection was observed against lethal anthrax challenge.

scholarly journals Microneedle-Based Intradermal Delivery of the Anthrax Recombinant Protective Antigen Vaccine

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 6806-6810 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Mikszta ◽  
John P. Dekker ◽  
Noel G. Harvey ◽  
Cheryl H. Dean ◽  
John M. Brittingham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antigen Vaccine ◽  
Intradermal Delivery ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
Booster Inoculation ◽  
Recombinant Protective Antigen

ABSTRACT The recombinant protective antigen (rPA) of Bacillus anthracis is a promising anthrax vaccine. We compared serum immunoglobulin G levels and toxin-neutralizing antibody titers in rabbits following delivery of various doses of vaccine by microneedle-based intradermal (i.d.) delivery or intramuscular (i.m.) injection using conventional needles. Intradermal delivery required less antigen to induce levels of antibody similar to those produced via i.m. injection during the first 2 weeks following primary and booster inoculation. This dose-sparing effect was less evident at the later stages of the immune response. Rabbits immunized i.d. with 10 μg of rPA displayed 100% protection from aerosol spore challenge, while i.m. injection of the same dose provided slightly lower protection (71%). Groups immunized with lower antigen doses were partially protected (13 to 29%) regardless of the mode of administration. Overall, our results suggest rPA formulated with aluminum adjuvant and administered to the skin by a microneedle-based device is as efficacious as i.m. vaccination.

scholarly journals Contribution of Immunological Memory to Protective Immunity Conferred by a Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen-Based Vaccine

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 3471-3477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadar Marcus ◽  
Rachel Danieli ◽  
Eyal Epstein ◽  
Baruch Velan ◽  
Avigdor Shafferman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Immunological Memory ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Primary Immunization ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Antibody Titers

ABSTRACT Protective antigen (PA)-based vaccination is an effective countermeasure to anthrax infection. While neutralizing anti-PA antibody titers elicited by this vaccine serve as good correlates for protection against anthrax (S. Reuveny, M. D. White, Y. Y. Adar, Y. Kafri, Z. Altboum, Y. Gozes, D. Kobiler, A. Shafferman, and B. Velan, Infect. Immun. 69:2888-2893, 2001), no data are available on the contribution of the immunological memory for PA itself to protection. We therefore developed a guinea pig model in which a primary immunization with threshold levels of PA can induce a long-term T-cell immunological memory response without inducing detectable anti-PA antibodies. A revaccination of primed animals with the same threshold PA levels was effective for memory activation, yielding a robust and rapid secondary response. A challenge with a lethal dose (40 50% lethal doses; 2,000 spores) of spores after the booster vaccinations indicated that animals were not protected at days 2, 4, and 6 postboosting. Protection was achieved only from the 8th day postboosting, concomitant with the detection of protective levels of neutralizing antibody titers in the circulation. The practical implications from the studies reported herein are that, as expected, the protective capacity of memory depends on the PA dose used for the primary immunization and that the effectiveness of booster immunizations for the postexposure treatment of anthrax may be very limited when no detectable antibodies are present in primed animals prior to Bacillus anthracis spore exposure. Therefore, to allow for the establishment of memory-dependent protection prior to the expected onset of disease, booster immunizations should not be used without concomitant antimicrobial treatment in postexposure scenarios.

scholarly journals Antibody titers of PEG-PLA block copolymer nanosphere containing chimeric recombinant protein of protective antigen and lethal factor of Bacillus anthracis

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-448
Author(s):  
Hossein Honari ◽  
Mohammadebrahim Minaei ◽  
Hasan Mirhaj ◽  
Seyyed Masih Etemad- Ayoubi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Copolymer ◽  
Recombinant Protein ◽  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Lethal Factor ◽  
Antibody Titers

scholarly journals Immunogenicity of Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Domains and Efficacy of Elicited Antibody Responses Depend on Host Genetic Background

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1115-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nareen Abboud ◽  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Antibody Titers

ABSTRACT Neutralizing antibodies to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA), a component of anthrax toxin, mediate protection against anthrax. PA is antigenically complex and can elicit protective and nonprotective antibodies. Furthermore, vaccinated individuals demonstrate considerable variability in their antibody responses to PA. To explore the relationship between PA structure and antigenicity, we produced Escherichia coli strains expressing full-length PA (PA1-4), domains 2 to 4 (PA2-4), domain 1, (PA1), and domain 4 (PA4) and evaluated the immunogenicities and protective efficacies of the protein fractions in four mouse strains (strains A/J, BALB/c, C57BL/6, and Swiss Webster). Immunization with PA1-4 resulted in significantly higher lethal toxin-neutralizing antibody titers than immunization with any recombinant protein (rPA) fraction of PA. The magnitude and neutralizing capacity of the antibody response to full-length PA and its fragments varied depending on the mouse strain. We found no correlation between the antibody titer and the neutralizing antibody titer for A/J and Swiss Webster mice. In C57BL/6 mice, antibody titers and neutralization capacity correlated for two of four rPA domain proteins tested, while BALB/c mice displayed a similar correlation with only one rPA. By correlating the reactivity of immune sera with solvent-exposed linear peptide segments of PA, we tentatively assign the presence of four new linear B-cell epitopes in PA amino acids 121 to 150, 143 to 158, 339 to 359, and 421 to 440. We conclude that the genetic background of the host determines the relative efficacy of the antitoxin response. The results suggest that the variability observed in vaccination studies with PA-derived vaccines is a result of host heterogeneity and implies a need to develop other antigens as vaccine candidates.

scholarly journals Protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chronic Lung Infection in Mice by Genetic Immunization against Outer Membrane Protein F (OprF) of P. aeruginosa

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 3510-3515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Price ◽  
Darrell R. Galloway ◽  
Neil R. Baker ◽  
Linda B. Gilleland ◽  
John Staczek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Dna Vaccine ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Plasmid Vector ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Genetic Immunization ◽  
Opsonic Activity ◽  
Porin Protein ◽  
Antibody Titers

ABSTRACT The Pseudomonas aeruginosa major constitutive outer membrane porin protein OprF, which has previously been shown to be a protective antigen, was targeted as a DNA vaccine candidate. TheoprF gene was cloned into plasmid vector pVR1020, and the plasmid vaccines were delivered to mice by biolistic (gene gun) intradermal inoculation. Antibody titers in antisera from immunized mice were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the elicited antibodies were shown to be specifically reactive to OprF by immunoblotting. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) immune response was predominantly of the IgG1 isotype. Sera from DNA vaccine-immunized mice had significantly greater opsonic activity in opsonophagocytic assays than did sera from control mice. Following the initial immunization and two consecutive boosts, each at 2-week intervals, protection was demonstrated in a mouse model of chronic pulmonary infection byP. aeruginosa. Eight days postchallenge, both lungs were removed and examined. A significant reduction in the presence of severe macroscopic lesions, as well as in the number of bacteria present in the lungs, was seen. Based on these findings, genetic immunization withoprF has potential for development as a vaccine to protect humans against infection by P. aeruginosa.

scholarly journals Search for Correlates of Protective Immunity Conferred by Anthrax Vaccine

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 2888-2893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaul Reuveny ◽  
Moshe D. White ◽  
Yaakov Y. Adar ◽  
Yaron Kafri ◽  
Zeev Altboum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Lethal Challenge ◽  
Anthrax Spores ◽  
Antibody Titers

ABSTRACT Vaccination by anthrax protective antigen (PA)-based vaccines requires multiple immunization, underlying the need to develop more efficacious vaccines or alternative vaccination regimens. In spite of the vast use of PA-based vaccines, the definition of a marker for protective immunity is still lacking. Here we describe studies designed to help define such markers. To this end we have immunized guinea pigs by different methods and monitored the immune response and the corresponding extent of protection against a lethal challenge with anthrax spores. Active immunization was performed by a single injection using one of two methods: (i) vaccination with decreasing amounts of PA and (ii) vaccination with constant amounts of PA that had been thermally inactivated for increasing periods. In both studies a direct correlation between survival and neutralizing-antibody titer was found (r 2 = 0.92 and 0.95, respectively). Most significantly, in the two protocols a similar neutralizing-antibody titer range provided 50% protection. Furthermore, in a complementary study involving passive transfer of PA hyperimmune sera to naive animals, a similar correlation between neutralizing-antibody titers and protection was found. In all three immunization studies, neutralization titers of at least 300 were sufficient to confer protection against a dose of 40 50% lethal doses (LD50) of virulent anthrax spores of the Vollum strain. Such consistency in the correlation of protective immunity with anti-PA antibody titers was not observed for antibody titers determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate that neutralizing antibodies to PA constitute a major component of the protective immunity against anthrax and suggest that this parameter could be used as a surrogate marker for protection.

scholarly journals Immunological Correlates for Protection against Intranasal Challenge of Bacillus anthracis Spores Conferred by a Protective Antigen-Based Vaccine in Rabbits

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 394-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shay Weiss ◽  
David Kobiler ◽  
Haim Levy ◽  
Hadar Marcus ◽  
Avi Pass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Protective Efficiency ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Partial Protection ◽  
Bacillus Anthracis Spores ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Antibody Levels

ABSTRACT Correlates between immunological parameters and protection against Bacillus anthracis infection in animals vaccinated with protective antigen (PA)-based vaccines could provide surrogate markers to evaluate the putative protective efficiency of immunization in humans. In previous studies we demonstrated that neutralizing antibody levels serve as correlates for protection in guinea pigs (S. Reuveny et al., Infect. Immun. 69:2888-2893, 2001; H. Marcus et al., Infect. Immun. 72:3471-3477, 2004). In this study we evaluated similar correlates for protection by active and passive immunization of New Zealand White rabbits. Full immunization and partial immunization were achieved by single and multiple injections of standard and diluted doses of a PA-based vaccine. Passive immunization was carried out by injection of immune sera from rabbits vaccinated with PA-based vaccine prior to challenge with B. anthracis spores. Immunized rabbits were challenged by intranasal spore instillation with one of two virulent strains (strains Vollum and ATCC 6605). The immune competence was estimated by measuring the level of total anti-PA antibodies, the neutralizing antibody titers, and the conferred protective immunity. The results indicate that total anti-PA antibody titers greater than 1 × 105 conferred protection, whereas lower titers (between 104 and 105) provided partial protection but failed to predict protection. Neutralizing antibody titers between 500 and 800 provided partial protection, while titers higher than 1,000 conferred protection. In conclusion, this study emphasizes that regardless of the immunization regimen or the time of challenge, neutralizing antibody titers are better predictors of protection than total anti-PA titers.

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