scholarly journals Shoulder Kinematics Is Not Influenced by External Load During Elevation in the Scapular Plane

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo P. de Castro ◽  
Daniel Cury Ribeiro ◽  
Felipe de C. Forte ◽  
Joelly M. de Toledo ◽  
Daniela Aldabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
External Load ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Angular Displacement ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Shoulder Kinematics ◽  
Shoulder Elevation ◽  
Scapular Plane

The current study aimed to compare the shoulder kinematics (3D scapular orientation, scapular angular displacement and scapulohumeral rhythm) of asymptomatic participants under unloaded and loaded conditions during unilateral shoulder elevation in the scapular plane. We used a repeated-measures design with a convenience sample. Eleven male participants with an age range of 21–28 years with no recent history of shoulder injury participated in the study. The participants performed isometric shoulder elevation from a neutral position to approximately 150 degrees of elevation in the scapular plane in intervals of approximately 30 degrees during unloaded and loaded conditions. Shoulder kinematic data were obtained with videogrammetry. During shoulder elevation, the scapula rotated upwardly and externally, and tilted posteriorly. The addition of an external load did not affect 3D scapular orientation, scapular angular displacement, or scapulohumeral rhythm throughout shoulder elevation (P> .05). In clinical practice, clinicians should expect to observe upward and external rotation and posterior tilt of the scapula during their assessments of shoulder elevation. Such behavior was not influenced by an external load normalized to 5% of body weight when performed in an asymptomatic population.

Effects of Hip Abduction Fatigue on Trunk and Shoulder Kinematics During Throwing and Passive Hip Rotational Range of Motion

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen D. Oliver ◽  
Jessica K. Washington ◽  
Sarah S. Gascon ◽  
Hillary A. Plummer ◽  
Rafael F. Escamilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Fatigue Protocol ◽  
Hip Abduction ◽  
Hip Abductor ◽  
Overhead Throwing ◽  
Shoulder Kinematics

Context:Hip abductor musculature contributes to the stability of the pelvis, which is needed for efficient energy transfer from the lower-extremity to the upper-extremity during overhead throwing.Objective:The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a bilateral hip abduction fatigue protocol on overhead-throwing kinematics and passive hip range of motion.Design:Prospective cohort study.Setting:Controlled laboratory setting.Participants:A convenience sample of 19 collegiate female softball players (20.6 [1.9] y; 169.3 [9.7] cm; 73.2 [11.2] kg).Main Outcome Measures:Repeated hip abduction to fatigue was performed on an isokinetic dynamometer for 3 consecutive days. Trunk and shoulder kinematics during throwing and hip internal and external rotation range of motion were analyzed prior to fatigue on day 1 (prefatigue) and following fatigue on day 3 (postfatigue).Results:Repeated-measures analysis of variances revealed no statistically significant differences in trunk and shoulder kinematics prefatigue and postfatigue. A statistically significant time × side × direction interaction (F2,36 = 5.462,P = .02,) was observed in hip passive range of motion. A decrease in throwing-side hip internal rotation prefatigue to postfatigue (mean difference = −2.284; 95% confidence interval, −4.302 to −0.266;P = .03) was observed.Conclusions:The hip abductor fatigue protocol used in this study did not significantly alter trunk and upper-extremity throwing kinematics. The lack of changes may indicate that fatigue of the hip abductors does not contribute to trunk and shoulder kinematics during throwing or the protocol may not have been sport-specific enough to alter kinematics.

To Explore Relationships Between Physiological Stress Signals and Stress Behaviors in Preterm Infants During Periods of Exposure to Environmental Stress in the Hospital

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niang-Huei Peng ◽  
Chao-Huei Chen ◽  
Jean Bachman ◽  
Hong-Chin Lin ◽  
Teh-Ming Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Stress Signals ◽  
Stress Behaviors

The purpose of this exploratory descriptive study was to examine relationships among physiological stress signals (heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and oxygen saturation) and stress behaviors (6 stress behaviors related to sleep–wake states, 10 self-regulatory behaviors, and 17 behavioral stress cues) in preterm infants during periods of environmental stress. This research used a prospective repeated-measures design in a convenience sample of preterm infants of <37 weeks' gestational age and <28 days' postnatal age. All infants were in the incubator in a neonatal intensive care unit or a sick baby care unit in one of two hospitals at the time of data collection. Multiple linear regressions of generalized estimating equations were used to determine relationships. Variables were measured every 2 min over 4 hr, for a total of 4,164 observations in 37 preterm infants. There were statistically significant relationships between 9 stress behavioral responses and changes in HR (seven stress behaviors and two self-regulatory behaviors; p < .05), between 9 stress behavioral responses and changes in RR (seven stress behaviors and two self-regulatory behaviors; p < .05), and between 11 stress behavioral responses and changes in oxygen saturation (seven stress behaviors and four self-regulatory behaviors; p < .05). Findings demonstrate that the functions of self-regulatory behaviors and some special behaviors in preterm infants during environmental stress are related to physiological stress signals. However, results should be investigated further in larger samples.

scholarly journals Influence of Body Position on Shoulder and Trunk Muscle Activation During Resisted Isometric Shoulder External Rotation

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Krause ◽  
Lucas G. Dueffert ◽  
Jaclyn L. Postma ◽  
Eric T. Vogler ◽  
Amy J. Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Trunk Muscle ◽  
Trunk Muscles ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: External rotation (ER) strengthening of the shoulder is an integral component of rehabilitative and preventative programs for overhead athletes. A variety of shoulder ER strengthening exercises are reported, including those intended to integrate the core musculature. The purpose of this study was to examine ER torque and electromyographic (EMG) activation of shoulder and trunk muscles while performing resisted isometric shoulder ER in 3 positions (standing, side lying, and side plank). Hypothesis: Significantly greater force and shoulder muscle activation would be generated while side lying given the inherent stability of the position, and greater trunk muscle activation would be generated in the less stable plank position. Study Design: Quasi-experimental repeated-measures study. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Methods: A convenience sample of 25 healthy overhead recreational athletes (9 men, 16 women) participated in this study. EMG electrodes were placed on the infraspinatus, posterior deltoid, middle trapezius, multifidi, internal obliques, and external obliques. EMG signals were normalized to a maximal isometric contraction. Participants performed resisted isometric ER in standing, side-lying, and side plank positions. Results were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni corrections (α = 0.05). Results: There was no significant difference in ER torque between positions (α = 0.05). A significant difference in EMG activity of shoulder and trunk musculature between positions was found in 7 of the 8 muscles monitored. Significantly greater EMG activity in the infraspinatus, middle trapezius, and the nondominant external and internal obliques was found in the side plank position as compared with standing and side lying. Conclusion: While there was no difference in ER torque between the 3 exercise positions, EMG activity of the shoulder and trunk muscles was dependent on body position. Clinical Relevance: If a clinician is seeking to integrate trunk muscle activation while performing shoulder ER strengthening, the side plank position is preferred as compared with standing or side lying.

Effect of Postpartum Practices of Doing the Month on Chinese Women’s Physical and Psychological Health

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Qun Liu ◽  
Judith A. Maloni ◽  
Marcia A. Petrini
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of the study was to describe Chinese women’s postpartum physiological and psychological health and adherence to “doing-the-month” practices. A descriptive repeated measures design was used, with data collected at 3 days and 6 weeks postpartum. The convenience sample consisted of 198 healthy childbearing women with a term birth. Maternal physical health was measured by the Six-Minute Walk (endurance), Chair Stand test (muscle strength), severity of physical symptoms, and physical health subscales of SF36v2. Maternal psychological health was measured by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale. Adherence was measured by the Adherence to Doing-the-Month Practices questionnaire. Aerobic endurance and lower-body muscle strength improved significantly across time ( p < .001) but remained suboptimal for maternal age. Women who delivered by Cesarean section had significantly poorer physical health than those who had a vaginal delivery. Physical functioning significantly increased, but general health and role limitations due to physical health significantly decreased over time. Postpartum physical symptoms decreased in number and severity. Depression increased over time ( p < .001). Adherence to doing the month was negatively correlated with aerobic endurance and positively correlated with depression at 6 weeks ( p < .05). These findings challenge the assumption that practices of doing the month are healthy for Chinese women’s recovery after childbirth. Research-based evidence needs to be integrated into doing-the-month practices. Education of Chinese women and families, whether living at home or abroad, is needed about the adverse health effects of doing the month. Routine screening for postpartum depression is also advised.

scholarly journals Acute effect of posterior deltoid static stretching on Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit in elite swimmers after competition. A randomized trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967118S0004
Author(s):  
M Solana-Tramunt ◽  
R Lopez-Vidriero ◽  
E Lopez-Vidriero
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽  
Experimental Group

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether a static stretch of posterior deltoid could reduce the glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) and the total arc of movement deficit (TAMD) in professional swimmers after competition. Methods: Participants: A total of 74 professional swimmers aged from 16-33 years volunteered to participated in the study. Their competition experience were more than 2 years at national level. All the subjects were informed in written and verbal form and signed their informed consent before being assessed. Design and procedures: A randomized repeated measures design was used to assess the glenohumeral rotation in 3 moments: prior to the race, just after finishing their trial and after performing a static passive stretch of posterior deltoid muscles of 90-sec. In randomized order the computer selected 20 subjects as a control group (CG) who didn’t perform the stretching. The experimental group (EG) included 54 swimmers. The glenohumeral internal and external rotation (IR and ER) were recorded by a video camera (IPhone 6 S, version 10.1), in sagittal plane, with the center of the screen at shoulder high. Subjects were laying on supine position over a massage table, with the glenohumeral joint at 90° of abduction, the elbow at 90° of flexion, and the researcher controlling the scapula movements by pushing the shoulder over coracoid apophasis. The App Thechnique (Ubersense ©) was used to measure the glenohumeral rotation degrees between the vertical line (controlled by a plumb) and the forearm segment. Results: The multifactorial ANOVA showed that there were significant differences on GIRD and TAMD between the experimental and the control group performing the stretching F(2,70)=49.150, P=0.000, η2p=0.992. The experimental group reduced the GIRD a16.2% and the TAMD a 6.7%. The dominant IR mean values changed significantly from 66.3±12.5 to 79.2±10.4 degrees for EG ( P=0.00) and non-significantly for CG, from 74.6±12.7 to 77.6±13.9 degrees ( P=0.11). The dominant TAM means changed significantly in EG from 173.2±16.8 to 192.0±17.0 degrees ( P=0.00) and non- significantly for CG 181.5±21.7 to 188.2±23.3 degrees ( P=0.12). Conclusion: To apply a static passive stretching on posterior deltoid during 90-sec reduced GIRD and the TAMD in professional swimmers after competition, which suggest a reduced risk of shoulder injury in these overhead athletes.

Differences in 3-Dimensional Shoulder Kinematics between Persons with Multidirectional Instability and Asymptomatic Controls

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1361-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jena B. Ogston ◽  
Paula M. Ludewig
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Multidirectional Instability ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Shoulder Kinematics ◽  
Scapular Plane

Background Evidence that persons with multidirectional instability (MDI) of the shoulder have abnormal shoulder kinematics is limited. A kinematic description of scapulothoracic and glenohumeral motion can assist both conservative and surgical rehabilitative programs. Hypothesis Persons with MDI of the shoulder demonstrate increased anterior and inferior glenohumeral translation and decreased scapular upward rotation and increased scapular internal rotation compared with age-matched and gender-matched asymptomatic controls. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Sixty-two subjects were recruited from an outpatient orthopaedic clinic. Subjects with MDI were matched according to age, gender, and hand dominance to asymptomatic controls. An electromagnetic motion capture system evaluated the 3-dimensional position of the trunk, scapula, and humerus during frontal and scapular plane elevation. A repeated measures analysis of variance evaluated joint positions and glenohumeral translations during 4 phases of elevation (0°-30°, 31°-60°, 61°-90°, and 91°-120°). Results When averaged across the 4 phases of elevation, persons with MDI demonstrated a significant decrease in scapular upward rotation in scapular plane abduction (8°, P = .006) and abduction (5.8°, P = .016) and increased internal rotation during scapular plane abduction (12.2°, P = .03). Alterations in glenohumeral translations in the MDI group did not reach statistical significance (P = .54-.71). Conclusion Abnormal scapular kinematics are seen in the MDI shoulder, highlighting the importance of incorporating scapular positioning and stability exercises during rehabilitation. Additional study is warranted concerning the efficacy of various rehabilitation programs, and also both surgical and nonsurgical interventions in this population.

The Effects of Training the Humeral Rotators on Arm Elevation in the Scapular Plane

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris J Durall ◽  
George J Davies ◽  
Thomas W Kernozek ◽  
Mark H Gibson ◽  
Dennis CW Fater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Arm Elevation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Scapular Plane

Context:It has been hypothesized that the fibers of the infraspinatus and subscapularis superior to the glenohumeral axis of rotation contribute directly to arm elevation.Objective:To test this hypothesis by assessing the impact of 5 weeks of concentric isokinetic humeral-rotator training in a modified neutral position on scapular-plane arm-elevation peak torque.Design:Prospective, pretest/posttest with control group.Participants:24 female and 6 male noninjured college students (N = 30).Main Outcome Measures:Scapular-plane-elevation peak torque at 60, 180, and 300°/s.Results:Repeated-measures ANOVA indicated no difference in peak torque between groups at any of the angular velocities tested (P< .05)Conclusions:5 weeks of concentric isokinetic humeral-rotator training did not significantly increase scapular-plane-elevation peak torque.

Accuracy and Reliability of a Real-Ear-to-Coupler Difference Measurement Procedure Implemented within a Behind-the-Ear Hearing Aid

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (09) ◽  
pp. 612-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Scollie ◽  
Marlene Bagatto ◽  
Sheila Moodie ◽  
Jeff Crukley
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Measurement Procedure ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
The Real ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Background: Measurement of the real ear response of a fitted hearing aid allows matching of the frequency response to prescriptive targets, as well as comparison of the response to both threshold and loudness discomfort level (LDL). These processes are recommended procedures for hearing aid fittings. The real ear aided response (REAR) is often predicted based on the coupler response of the device, the real-ear-to-coupler difference (RECD), and the microphone location effect (MLE). Individualized measurement of the RECD tends to increase the accuracy of this prediction. A commercial hearing aid has been developed that measures the individual RECD and incorporates the data into the software-assisted fitting process. Purpose: This study evaluated the test-retest reliability and predictive validity of this particular method for measuring the RECD. Research Design: A repeated measures design was used to evaluate differences between subsequent measures of the RECD in the same ear, and prediction differences associated with using the RECD (and other information) to predict the REAR. Study Sample: Fifteen ears, on a convenience sample of ten adults (45–86 yr) and five children (6–15 yr) were tested. All participants were hearing aid users. Data Collection and Analysis: Predicted and measured REARs were collected using normal clinical procedures, on an Audioscan Verifit VF-1 for two test signals/levels. Reliability, mean differences between predicted and measured REARs, and 95% confidence intervals of the prediction accuracy are reported. Results: The RECD procedure had test-retest reliability within 2.5 dB for 14 out of 15 ears between 500 and 4000 Hz, and had predictive accuracy within 5 dB between 500 and 4000 Hz for 14 out of 15 ears. However, errors associated with earhook misalignment were discovered. Also, the RECD values measured using this hearing-aid-specific procedure differ somewhat from the normative data available from insert earphone RECDs. Conclusions: This procedure, when measured according to recommendations, provides a reasonably accurate prediction of the REAR. Functionally, this procedure does not replace the range of measures offered by modern real ear measurement systems. However, given the inaccuracy of software-assisted fittings without a measure of individual ear canal acoustics, use of this procedure may have the potential to improve the accuracy of fittings versus fittings completed without real ear measurement.

scholarly journals Towards the preferred stimulus parameters for distortion product otoacoustic emissions in adults: A preliminary study

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucretia Petersen ◽  
Wayne J. Wilson ◽  
Harsha Kathard
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Outer Hair Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Distortion Product ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Stimulus Parameters ◽  
Adult Humans

Background: Although distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) are useful in evaluating cochlear outer hair cell function, determining the optimal stimulus parameters could result in a more reliable, sensitive and specific diagnostic tool across the range of DPOAE applications. Objectives: To identify which stimulus parameters warrant further investigation for eliciting the largest and most reliable DPOAEs in adult humans. Method: A single group, repeated measures design involving a convenience sample of 20 normal-hearing participants between 19 and 24 years of age. Results: Descriptive statistics and mixed model analyses suggested L1/L2 intensity levels of 65/65 dB sound pressure level (SPL) and 65/55 dB SPL, and f2/f1 ratios of 1.18, 1.20 and 1.22 elicited larger and more reliable DPOAEs in both ears. Conclusion: Further investigation of the 65/65 dB SPL and 65/55 dB SPL intensity levels and the 1.18, 1.20 and 1.22 f2/f1 ratios is warranted to determine the stimulus parameters for eliciting the largest and most reliable DPOAEs in adult humans across the range of DPOAE applications.

Effects of 3 Infraspinatus Muscle Strengthening Exercises on Isokinetic Peak Torque and Muscle Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Il-young Yu ◽  
Dong-kyu Lee ◽  
Myoung-Joo Kang ◽  
Jae-seop Oh
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Deltoid Muscle ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Infraspinatus Muscle ◽  
Main Effect

Context: The infraspinatus muscle plays a particularly important role in producing primary external rotation (ER) torque and dynamic stability of the shoulder joint. Previous studies have reported that prone external rotation with horizontal abduction (PER), side-lying wiper exercise (SWE), and standing external rotation (STER) were effective exercises for strengthening the infraspinatus. However, we do not have enough knowledge about changes in muscle strength and dynamic muscle activity in each exercise under dynamic conditions. Objective: To compare the ER muscle strength, muscle activity among exercise methods and between muscle contraction types during 3 different exercises. Design: Repeated measures design in which ER muscle strength and muscle activities data were collected from subjects under 3 exercise conditions. Setting: Outpatient clinic. Participants: A total of 15 healthy men with no shoulder, neck, or upper-extremity pain were participated. Intervention: The subjects performed 3 different exercises randomly in concentric and eccentric using a Biodex dynamometer at an angular velocity of 60°/s. Main Outcome Measures: The ER peak torque (PT) data was collected and surface electromyography was used to measure the activity of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles and infraspinatus to posterior deltoid muscle activity ratio. Results: There was significant main effect for muscle contraction type in ER PT (P < .05). The concentric PT was greater during PER (P < .05) and SWE (P < .05) compared with eccentric. The main effect for exercise was found in ER PT and muscle activity (P < .05). The ER PT and infraspinatus muscle activity were the largest increased during PER whereas the lowest during STER in both concentric and eccentric (P < .05). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that PER is an exercise for strengthening the infraspinatus muscle effectively.

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