ABSTRACT
In Gram-negative bacteria, the Lol and Bam machineries direct the targeting of lipidated and nonlipidated proteins, respectively, to the outer membrane (OM). Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with depleted levels of specific Bam and Lol proteins, we demonstrated a variable dependence of different OM proteins on these targeting pathways. Reduction in the level of BamA significantly affected the ability of the β-barrel membrane protein OprF to localize to the OM, while the targeting of three secretins that are functionally related OM proteins was less affected (PilQ and PscC) or not at all affected (XcpQ). Depletion of LolB affected all lipoproteins examined and had a variable effect on the nonlipidated proteins. While the levels of OprF, PilQ, and PscC were significantly reduced by LolB depletion, XcpQ was unaffected and was correctly localized to the OM. These results suggest that certain β-barrel proteins such as OprF primarily utilize the complete Bam machinery. The Lol machinery participates in the OM targeting of secretins to variable degrees, likely through its involvement in the assembly of lipidated Bam components. XcpQ, but not PilQ or PscC, was shown to assemble spontaneously into liposomes as multimers. This work raises the possibility that there is a gradient of utilization of Bam and Lol insertion and targeting machineries. Structural features of individual proteins, including their β-barrel content, may determine the propensity of these proteins for folding (or misfolding) during periplasmic transit and OM insertion, thereby influencing the extent of utilization of the Bam targeting machinery, respectively.
IMPORTANCE Targeting of lipidated and nonlipidated proteins to the outer membrane (OM) compartment in Gram-negative bacteria involves the transfer across the periplasm utilizing the Lol and Bam machineries, respectively. We show that depletion of Bam and Lol components in Pseudomonas aeruginosa does not lead to a general OM protein translocation defect, but the severity (and therefore, Lol and Bam dependence), varies with individual proteins. XcpQ, the secretin component of the type II secretion apparatus, is translocated into the OM without the assistance of Bam or Lol machineries. The hypothesis that XcpQ, after secretion across the cytoplasmic membrane, does not utilize the OM targeting machineries was supported by demonstrating that in vitro-synthesized XcpQ (but not the other P. aeruginosa secretins) can spontaneously incorporate into lipid vesicles. Therefore, the requirement for ancillary factors appears to be, in certain instances, dictated by the intrinsic properties of individual OM proteins, conceivably reflecting their propensities to misfold during periplasmic transit.
In VitroActivity of Ceftazidime-Avibactam against 338 Molecularly Characterized Gentamicin-Nonsusceptible Gram-Negative Clinical Isolates Obtained from Patients in Canadian Hospitals