scholarly journals Drosophila melanogaster Mounts a Unique Immune Response to the Rhabdovirus Sigma virus

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 3251-3256 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Tsai ◽  
E. A. McGraw ◽  
E.-D. Ammar ◽  
R. G. Dietzgen ◽  
S. A. Hogenhout
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Disease Agent ◽  
Sigma Virus ◽  
Attacin A ◽  
Shed Light

ABSTRACT Rhabdoviruses are important pathogens of humans, livestock, and plants that are often vectored by insects. Rhabdovirus particles have a characteristic bullet shape with a lipid envelope and surface-exposed transmembrane glycoproteins. Sigma virus (SIGMAV) is a member of the Rhabdoviridae and is a naturally occurring disease agent of Drosophila melanogaster. The infection is maintained in Drosophila populations through vertical transmission via germ cells. We report here the nature of the Drosophila innate immune response to SIGMAV infection as revealed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis of differentially expressed genes identified by microarray analysis. We have also compared and contrasted the immune response of the host with respect to two nonenveloped viruses, Drosophila C virus (DCV) and Drosophila X virus (DXV). We determined that SIGMAV infection upregulates expression of the peptidoglycan receptor protein genes PGRP-SB1 and PGRP-SD and the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes Diptericin-A, Attacin-A, Attacin-B, Cecropin-A1, and Drosocin. SIGMAV infection did not induce PGRP-SA and the AMP genes Drosomycin-B, Metchnikowin, and Defensin that are upregulated in DCV and/or DXV infections. Expression levels of the Toll and Imd signaling cascade genes are not significantly altered by SIGMAV infection. These results highlight shared and unique aspects of the Drosophila immune response to the three viruses and may shed light on the nature of the interaction with the host and the evolution of these associations.

scholarly journals Immune stimulation reduces sleep and memory ability in Drosophila melanogaster

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eamonn B Mallon ◽  
Akram Alghamdi ◽  
Robert T.K. Holdbrook ◽  
Ezio Rosato
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Night Sleep ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Memory Ability ◽  
Neural Interactions ◽  
Aversive Classical Conditioning

Psychoneuroimmunology studies the increasing number of connections between neurobiology, immunology and behaviour. We establish Drosophila melanogaster as a tractable model in this field by demonstrating the effects of the immune response on two fundamental behaviours: sleep and memory ability. We used the Geneswitch system to upregulate peptidoglycan receptor protein (PGRP) expression, thereby stimulating the immune system in the absence of infection. Geneswitch was activated by feeding the steroid RU486, to the flies. We used an aversive classical conditioning paradigm to quantify memory and measures of activity to infer sleep. Immune stimulated flies exhibited reduced levels of sleep, which could not be explained by a generalised increase in waking activity. The effects on sleep were more pronounced for day compared to night sleep. Immune stimulated flies also showed a reduction in memory abilities. These results establish Drosophila as a model for immune-neural interactions and suggest a possible role for sleep in the interplay between the immune response and memory.

scholarly journals In Vivo Selection of Reduced Susceptibility to Carbapenems in Acinetobacter baumannii Related to ISAba1-Mediated Overexpression of the Natural blaOXA-66 Oxacillinase Gene

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 2657-2659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samy Figueiredo ◽  
Laurent Poirel ◽  
Jacques Croize ◽  
Christine Recule ◽  
Patrice Nordmann
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
In Vivo Selection ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Carbapenemase Gene ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT Two clonally related Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, A1 and A2, were obtained from the same patient. Isolate A2, selected after an imipenem-containing treatment, showed reduced susceptibility to carbapenems. This resistance pattern was related to insertion of the ISAba1 element upstream of the naturally occurring bla OXA-66 carbapenemase gene as demonstrated by sequencing, reverse transcription-PCR analysis, and inactivation of the bla OXA-66 gene.

scholarly journals Immune stimulation reduces sleep and memory ability in Drosophila melanogaster

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eamonn Mallon ◽  
Akram Alghamdi ◽  
Robert Holdbrook ◽  
Ezio Rosato
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Night Sleep ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Memory Ability ◽  
Neural Interactions ◽  
Aversive Classical Conditioning

Psychoneuroimmunology studies the increasing number of connections between neurobiology, immunology and behaviour. We establish Drosophila melanogaster as a tractable model in this field by demonstrating the effects of the immune response on two fundamental behaviours: sleep and memory ability. We used the Geneswitch system to upregulate peptidoglycan receptor protein (PGRP) expression, thereby stimulating the immune system in the absence of infection. Geneswitch was activated by feeding the steroid RU486, to the flies. We used an aversive classical conditioning paradigm to quantify memory and measures of activity to infer sleep. Immune stimulated flies exhibited reduced levels of sleep, which could not be explained by a generalised increase in waking activity. The effects on sleep were more pronounced for day compared to night sleep. Immune stimulated flies also showed a reduction in memory abilities. These are important results as they establish Drosophila as a model for immune-neural interactions and provide a possible role for sleep in the interplay between the immune response and memory.

scholarly journals Immune stimulation reduces sleep and memory ability in Drosophila melanogaster

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eamonn B Mallon ◽  
Akram Alghamdi ◽  
Robert T.K. Holdbrook ◽  
Ezio Rosato
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Night Sleep ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Memory Ability ◽  
Neural Interactions ◽  
Aversive Classical Conditioning

Psychoneuroimmunology studies the increasing number of connections between neurobiology, immunology and behaviour. We establish Drosophila melanogaster as a tractable model in this field by demonstrating the effects of the immune response on two fundamental behaviours: sleep and memory ability. We used the Geneswitch system to upregulate peptidoglycan receptor protein (PGRP) expression, thereby stimulating the immune system in the absence of infection. Geneswitch was activated by feeding the steroid RU486, to the flies. We used an aversive classical conditioning paradigm to quantify memory and measures of activity to infer sleep. Immune stimulated flies exhibited reduced levels of sleep, which could not be explained by a generalised increase in waking activity. The effects on sleep were more pronounced for day compared to night sleep. Immune stimulated flies also showed a reduction in memory abilities. These results establish Drosophila as a model for immune-neural interactions and suggest a possible role for sleep in the interplay between the immune response and memory.

scholarly journals Evidence for Recurrent Paralogous Gene Conversion and Exceptional Allelic Divergence in the Attacin Genes of Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 159 (2) ◽  
pp. 659-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian P Lazzaro ◽  
Andrew G Clark
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gene Conversion ◽  
Amino Acid Level ◽  
Antibacterial Peptides ◽  
Paralogous Gene ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Attacin A

Abstract Insects produce a limited variety of antibacterial peptides to combat a wide diversity of pathogens. These peptides are often conserved across evolutionarily distant taxa, but little is known about the level and structure of polymorphism within species. We have surveyed naturally occurring genetic variation in the promoter and coding regions of three Attacin antibacterial peptide genes from 12 lines of Drosophila melanogaster. These genes exhibit high levels of silent nucleotide variations (1–3% per nucleotide heterozygosity), but are not excessively polymorphic at the amino acid level. There is extensive variation in the Attacin promoters, some of which may affect transcriptional efficiency, and one line carries a deletion in the Attacin A coding region that renders this gene nonfunctional. Two of the genes, Attacins A and B, are arranged in tandem and show evidence of repeated interlocus gene conversion. Attacin C, more divergent and located 1.3 Mbp upstream of Attacins A and B, does not appear to have been involved in such exchanges. All three genes are characterized by divergent haplotypes, and one Attacin AB allele appears to have recently increased rapidly in frequency in the population.

Octopamine and its Receptors are Involved in the Modulation of the Immune Response in Drosophila melanogaster

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Papenmeier ◽  
Karin Uliczka ◽  
Thomas Roeder ◽  
Christina Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster

scholarly journals MicroRNA-182-5p relieves murine allergic rhinitis via TLR4/NF-κB pathway

Open Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1202-1212
Author(s):  
Aichun Zhang ◽  
Yangzi Jin
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Pathway Activation ◽  
Nasal Lavage Fluid

AbstractAllergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most common chronic diseases. This study examined whether microRNA (miR)-182-5p plays a role in AR by regulating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). First, data demonstrated that TLR4 was a target of miR-182-5p. Subsequently, AR mouse model was established to explore the role of miR-182-5p and TLR4 in AR in vivo. Initially, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that miR-182-5p was downregulated, while TLR4 expression was upregulated in AR mice. Then we found that miR-182-5p mimic reduced the frequency of sneezing and nose rubbing of the AR mice. In addition, miR-182-5p mimic significantly increased ovalbumin (OVA)-specific IgE and leukotriene C4 expression levels in nasal lavage fluid (NLF) and serum of AR mice. miR-182-5p mimic decreased the number of inflammatory cells in NLF of AR mice. It also reduced the levels of inflammatory factors in the serum of AR mice, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, while increasing the release of IFN-γ and IL-2. Finally, miR-182-5p mimic inhibited NF-κB signaling pathway activation in AR mice. However, all effects of miR-182-5p mimic on AR mice were reversed by TLR4-plasmid. In conclusion, miR-182-5p/TLR4 axis may represent a novel therapeutic target for AR.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies in tear fluid

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000733
Author(s):  
Astrid Muyldermans ◽  
Maria Bjerke ◽  
Thomas Demuyser ◽  
Deborah De Geyter ◽  
Ingrid Wybo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Tear Fluid ◽  
Local Response ◽  
Schirmer Test ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Ocular Symptoms

Background/aimsSARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious. More evidence concerning extrapulmonary transmission routes such as the eyes is urgently needed. Although the humoral immune response is important in the viral containment, the local response in tears has not yet been studied. The aim of our study was twofold: to assess the prevalence of both SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies in tear fluid.MethodsIn a first series, nasopharyngeal sampling and tear sampling by Schirmer test strips were performed in 26 acutely ill patients with COVID-19 to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by reverse transcription PCR. In a second series, IgG and IgA responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in serum and tear fluid of convalescent individuals (n=22) were compared with control individuals (n=15) by ELISA.ResultsSARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in tears of 7/26 (26.9%) patients with COVID-19. None of them had ocular symptoms. Convalescent individuals displayed a significant higher ratio of IgG (p<0.0001) and IgA (p=0.0068) in tears compared with control individuals. A sensitivity of 77.3% and specificity of 93.3% was observed for IgG, and 59.1% and 100% for IgA.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and a local IgG and IgA immune response in tear fluid. These data confirm the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through tear fluid and the importance of the eye as a first defence against SARS-CoV-2, indicating the potential of tears as a non-invasive surrogate for serum in monitoring the host immune response.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document