scholarly journals Facilitation of Bacterial Adaptation to Chlorothalonil-Contaminated Sites by Horizontal Transfer of the Chlorothalonil Hydrolytic Dehalogenase Gene

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 4268-4272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Liang ◽  
Guangli Wang ◽  
Yanfu Zhao ◽  
Kai Chen ◽  
Shunpeng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Transfer ◽  
Insertion Sequence ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Ecological Role ◽  
Bacterial Adaptation ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
Dehalogenase Gene

ABSTRACTHorizontal transfer of the chlorothalonil hydrolytic dehalogenase gene (chd) is proposed based on the high conservation of thechdgene and its close association with a novel insertion sequence, ISOcsp1, in 16 isolated chlorothalonil-dechlorinating strains belonging to eight different genera. The ecological role of horizontal gene transfer is assumed to facilitate bacterial adaptation to chlorothalonil-contaminated sites, through detoxification of chlorothalonil to less toxic 2,4,5-trichloro-6-hydroxybenzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile.

scholarly journals Horizontal Transfer of Domains in ssrA gene Among Enterobacteriaceae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamilmaran Nagarajan ¹ ◽  
Ramamoorthy Sankaranarayanan ¹ ◽  
Punitha Selvakumar ◽  
M. Hussain Munavar Munavar
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Transfer ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Recombination Detection Program ◽  
Recognition Sites ◽  
Detection Program ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
High Level

Abstract BackgroundThe tmRNA (transfer messenger RNA), encoded by ssrA gene, is involved in rescuing of stalled ribosomes by a process called trans-translation. Additionally, regions of the ssrA gene act as recognition sites for various integrases. Variations in ssrA genes were widely reported among the members of Enterobacteriaceae, but the functional relevance in the course of evolution are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the horizontal gene transfer of tmRNA among the members of Enterobacteriaceae. Methods and ResultsHorizontal gene transfer in tmRNA was found by predicting recombination signals in the tmRNA belong to Enterobacteriaceae using recombination detection program (RDP5). Our results revealed 7 recombination signals in tmRNA among different species. We further showed that the recombination signals was more in the domains present in the 3’ end than the domains in the 5’ end of tmRNA. Of note, the mRNA region, which codes for the peptide tag was reported in many recombination signals. Further, members belonging to genera Yersinia, Erwinia, Dickeya, and Enterobacter were highly represented in the recombination signatures.Conclusions Taken together, our results revealed a high level of recombination among specific regions of tmRNA of Enterobacteriaceae and suggest the possible role of recombination in the diversification of SsrA function in proteolysis and other pathways.

scholarly journals Conjugative plasmids interact with insertion sequences to shape the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. e2008731118
Author(s):  
You Che ◽  
Yu Yang ◽  
Xiaoqing Xu ◽  
Karel Břinda ◽  
Martin F. Polz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Horizontal Transfer ◽  
Insertion Sequence ◽  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanism ◽  
Conjugative Plasmids ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Class 1

It is well established that plasmids play an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes; however, little is known about the role of the underlying interactions between different plasmid categories and other mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in shaping the promiscuous spread of AMR genes. Here, we developed a tool designed for plasmid classification, AMR gene annotation, and plasmid visualization and found that most plasmid-borne AMR genes, including those localized on class 1 integrons, are enriched in conjugative plasmids. Notably, we report the discovery and characterization of a massive insertion sequence (IS)-associated AMR gene transfer network (245 combinations covering 59 AMR gene subtypes and 53 ISs) linking conjugative plasmids and phylogenetically distant pathogens, suggesting a general evolutionary mechanism for the horizontal transfer of AMR genes mediated by the interaction between conjugative plasmids and ISs. Moreover, our experimental results confirmed the importance of the observed interactions in aiding the horizontal transfer and expanding the genetic range of AMR genes within complex microbial communities.

Ecological Role of Exopolysaccharides of Bacillariophyta: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. I. Shnyukova ◽  
E. K. Zolotareva
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Role

scholarly journals Mammary gland adipocytes in lactation cycle, obesity and breast cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Colleluori ◽  
Jessica Perugini ◽  
Giorgio Barbatelli ◽  
Saverio Cinti
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Exocrine Gland ◽  
Plastic Properties ◽  
Lactation Cycle ◽  
Gland Development

AbstractThe mammary gland (MG) is an exocrine gland present in female mammals responsible for the production and secretion of milk during the process of lactation. It is mainly composed by epithelial cells and adipocytes. Among the features that make the MG unique there are 1) its highly plastic properties displayed during pregnancy, lactation and involution (all steps belonging to the lactation cycle) and 2) its requirement to grow in close association with adipocytes which are absolutely necessary to ensure MG’s proper development at puberty and remodeling during the lactation cycle. Although MG adipocytes play such a critical role for the gland development, most of the studies have focused on its epithelial component only, leaving the role of the neighboring adipocytes largely unexplored. In this review we aim to describe evidences regarding MG’s adipocytes role and properties in physiologic conditions (gland development and lactation cycle), obesity and breast cancer, emphasizing the existing gaps in the literature which deserve further investigation.

scholarly journals The Role of Fungi in the Cocoa Production Chain and the Challenge of Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Johannes Delgado-Ospina ◽  
Junior Bernardo Molina-Hernández ◽  
Clemencia Chaves-López ◽  
Gianfranco Romanazzi ◽  
Antonello Paparella
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Cocoa Production

Background: The role of fungi in cocoa crops is mainly associated with plant diseases and contamination of harvest with unwanted metabolites such as mycotoxins that can reach the final consumer. However, in recent years there has been interest in discovering other existing interactions in the environment that may be beneficial, such as antagonism, commensalism, and the production of specific enzymes, among others. Scope and approach: This review summarizes the different fungi species involved in cocoa production and the cocoa supply chain. In particular, it examines the presence of fungal species during cultivation, harvest, fermentation, drying, and storage, emphasizing the factors that possibly influence their prevalence in the different stages of production and the health risks associated with the production of mycotoxins in the light of recent literature. Key findings and conclusion: Fungi associated with the cocoa production chain have many different roles. They have evolved in a varied range of ecosystems in close association with plants and various habitats, affecting nearly all the cocoa chain steps. Reports of the isolation of 60 genera of fungi were found, of which only 19 were involved in several stages. Although endophytic fungi can help control some diseases caused by pathogenic fungi, climate change, with increased rain and temperatures, together with intensified exchanges, can favour most of these fungal infections, and the presence of highly aggressive new fungal genotypes increasing the concern of mycotoxin production. For this reason, mitigation strategies need to be determined to prevent the spread of disease-causing fungi and preserve beneficial ones.

scholarly journals Horizontal Gene Transfer Involving Chloroplasts

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4484
Author(s):  
Ewa Filip ◽  
Lidia Skuza
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Chloroplast Genomes ◽  
Organelle Genomes ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
Cellular Compartments

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT)- is defined as the acquisition of genetic material from another organism. However, recent findings indicate a possible role of HGT in the acquisition of traits with adaptive significance, suggesting that HGT is an important driving force in the evolution of eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes. It has been noted that, in eukaryotes, HGT is more prevalent than originally thought. Mitochondria and chloroplasts lost a large number of genes after their respective endosymbiotic events occurred. Even after this major content loss, organelle genomes still continue to lose their own genes. Many of these are subsequently acquired by intracellular gene transfer from the original plastid. The aim of our review was to elucidate the role of chloroplasts in the transfer of genes. This review also explores gene transfer involving mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, though recent studies indicate that chloroplast genomes are far more active in HGT as compared to these other two DNA-containing cellular compartments.

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