scholarly journals Molecular Studies on the Ecology of Listeria monocytogenes in the Smoked Fish Processing Industry

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn M. Norton ◽  
Meghan A. McCamey ◽  
Kenneth L. Gall ◽  
Janet M. Scarlett ◽  
Kathryn J. Boor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Automated Ribotyping

ABSTRACT We have applied molecular approaches, including PCR-based detection strategies and DNA fingerprinting methods, to study the ecology ofListeria monocytogenes in food processing environments. A total of 531 samples, including raw fish, fish during the cold-smoking process, finished product, and environmental samples, were collected from three smoked fish processing facilities during five visits to each facility. A total of 95 (17.9%) of the samples tested positive forL. monocytogenes using a commercial PCR system (BAX for Screening/Listeria monocytogenes), including 57 (27.7%) environmental samples (n = 206), 8 (7.8%) raw material samples (n = 102), 23 (18.1%) samples from fish in various stages of processing(n = 127), and 7 (7.3%) finished product samples (n= 96). L. monocytogenes was isolated from 85 samples (16.0%) using culture methods. Used in conjunction with a 48-h enrichment in Listeria Enrichment Broth, the PCR system had a sensitivity of 91.8% and a specificity of 96.2%. To track the origin and spread of L. monocytogenes, isolates were fingerprinted by automated ribotyping. Fifteen different ribotypes were identified among 85 isolates tested. Ribotyping data established possible contamination patterns, implicating raw materials and the processing environment as potential sources of finished product contamination. Analysis of the distribution of ribotypes revealed that each processing facility had a unique contamination pattern and that specific ribotypes persisted in the environments of two facilities over time (P ≤ 0.0006). We conclude that application of molecular approaches can provide critical information on the ecology of different L. monocytogenes strains in food processing environments. This information can be used to develop practical recommendations for improved control of this important food-borne pathogen in the food industry.

Listeria monocytogenes Contamination Patterns for the Smoked Fish Processing Environment and for Raw Fish

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADAM D. HOFFMAN ◽  
KENNETH L. GALL ◽  
DAWN M. NORTON ◽  
MARTIN WIEDMANN
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Raw Fish

Reliable data on the sources of Listeria monocytogenes contamination in cold-smoked fish processing are crucial in designing effective intervention strategies. Environmental samples (n = 512) and raw fish samples (n = 315) from two smoked fish processing facilities were screened for L. monocytogenes, and all isolates were subtyped by automated ribotyping to examine the relationship between L. monocytogenes contamination from raw materials and that from environmental sites. Samples were collected over two 8-week periods in early spring and summer. The five types of raw fish tested included lake whitefish, sablefish, farm-raised Norwegian salmon, farm-raised Chilean salmon, and feral (wild-caught) salmon from the U.S. West Coast. One hundred fifteen environmental samples and 46 raw fish samples tested positive for L. monocytogenes. Prevalence values for environmental samples varied significantly (P < 0.0001) between the two plants; plant A had a prevalence value of 43.8% (112 of 256 samples), and plant B had a value of 1.2% (3 of 256 samples). For plant A, 62.5% of drain samples tested positive for L. monocytogenes, compared with 32.3% of samples collected from other environmental sites and 3.1% of samples collected from food contact surfaces. Ribotyping identified 11 subtypes present in the plant environments. Multiple subtypes, including four subtypes not found on any raw fish, were found to persist in plant A throughout the study. Contamination prevalence values for raw fish varied from 3.6% (sablefish) to 29.5% (U.S. West Coast salmon), with an average overall prevalence of 14.6%. Sixteen separate L. monocytogenes subtypes were present on raw fish, including nine that were not found in the plant environment. Our results indicate a disparity between the subtypes found on raw fish and those found in the processing environment. We thus conclude that environmental contamination is largely separate from that of incoming raw materials and includes strains persisting, possibly for years, within the plant. Operational and sanitation procedures appear to have a significant impact on environmental contamination, with both plants having similar prevalence values for raw materials but disparate contamination prevalence values for the environmental sites. We also conclude that regular L. monocytogenes testing of drains, combined with molecular subtyping of the isolates obtained, allows for efficient monitoring of persistent L. monocytogenes contamination in a processing plant.

Tracking of Listeria monocytogenes in Smoked Fish Processing Plants†

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOANNE THIMOTHE ◽  
KENDRA KERR NIGHTINGALE ◽  
KEN GALL ◽  
VIRGINIA N. SCOTT ◽  
MARTIN WIEDMANN
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Plant Environment ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Raw Fish ◽  
Contact Surfaces

Four smoked fish processing plants were used as a model system to characterize Listeria monocytogenes contamination patterns in ready-to-eat food production environments. Each of the four plants was sampled monthly for approximately 1 year. At each sampling, four to six raw fish and four to six finished product samples were collected from corresponding lots. In addition, 12 to 14 environmental sponge samples were collected several hours after the start of production at sites selected as being likely contamination sources. A total of 234 raw fish, 233 finished products, and 553 environmental samples were tested. Presumptive Listeria spp. were isolated from 16.7% of the raw fish samples, 9.0% of the finished product samples, and 27.3% of the environmental samples. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 3.8% of the raw fish samples (0 to 10%, depending on the plant), 1.3% of the finished product samples (0 to 3.3%), and 12.8% of the environmental samples (0 to 29.8%). Among the environmental samples, L. monocytogenes was found in 23.7% of the samples taken from drains, 4.8% of the samples taken from food contact surfaces, 10.4% of the samples taken from employee contact surfaces (aprons, hands, and door handles), and 12.3% of the samples taken from other nonfood contact surfaces. Listeria spp. were isolated from environmental samples in each of the four plants, whereas L. monocytogenes was not found in any of the environmental samples from one plant. Overall, the L. monocytogenes prevalence in the plant environment showed a statistically significant (P < 0.0001) positive relationship with the prevalence of this organism in finished product samples. Automated EcoRI ribotyping differentiated 15 ribotypes among the 83 L. monocytogenes isolates. For each of the three plants with L. monocytogenes–positive environmental samples, one or two ribotypes seemed to persist in the plant environment during the study period. In one plant, a specific L. monocytogenes ribotype represented 44% of the L. monocytogenes–positive environmental samples and was also responsible for one of the two finished product positives found in this plant. In another plant, a specific L. monocytogenes ribotype persisted in the raw fish handling area. However, this ribotype was never isolated from the finished product area in this plant, indicating that this operation has achieved effective separation of raw and finished product areas. Molecular subtyping methods can help identify plant-specific L. monocytogenes contamination routes and thus provide the knowledge needed to implement improved L. monocytogenes control strategies.

Implementation of Statistical Tools To Support Identification and Management of Persistent Listeria monocytogenes Contamination in Smoked Fish Processing Plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 796-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS J. V. MALLEY ◽  
MATTHEW J. STASIEWICZ ◽  
YRJÖ T. GRÖHN ◽  
SHERRY ROOF ◽  
STEVEN WARCHOCKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Adaptive Sampling ◽  
Poisson Model ◽  
Binomial Test ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Food Contact Surface

Listeria monocytogenes persistence in food processing plants is a key source of postprocessing contamination of ready-toeat foods. Thus, identification and elimination of sites where L. monocytogenes persists (niches) is critical. Two smoked fish processing plants were used as models to develop and implement environmental sampling plans (i) to identify persistent L. monocytogenes subtypes (EcoRI ribotypes) using two statistical approaches and (ii) to identify and eliminate likely L. monocytogenes niches. The first statistic, a binomial test based on ribotype frequencies, was used to evaluate L. monocytogenes ribotype recurrences relative to reference distributions extracted from a public database; the second statistic, a binomial test based on previous positives, was used to measure ribotype occurrences as a risk factor for subsequent isolation of the same ribotype. Both statistics revealed persistent ribotypes in both plants based on data from the initial 4 months of sampling. The statistic based on ribotype frequencies revealed persistence of particular ribotypes at specific sampling sites. Two adaptive sampling strategies guided plant interventions during the study: sampling multiple times before and during processing and vector swabbing (i.e., sampling of additional sites in different directions [vectors] relative to a given site). Among sites sampled for 12 months, a Poisson model regression revealed borderline significant monthly decreases in L. monocytogenes isolates at both plants (P = 0.026 and 0.076). Our data indicate elimination of an L. monocytogenes niche on a food contact surface; niches on nonfood contact surfaces were not eliminated. Although our data illustrate the challenge of identifying and eliminating L. monocytogenes niches, particularly at nonfood contact sites in small and medium plants, the methods for identification of persistence we describe here should broadly facilitate science-based identification of microbial persistence.

scholarly journals INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN PERIKANAN DI KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN, SULAWESI TENGGARA

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ernawati Ernawati ◽  
Muhammad Rafiy ◽  
Surianti Surianti
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Market Area ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Smoked Fish

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji ketersediaan bahan baku dan skala pemasaran industri pengolahan hasil perikanan di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tahun 2017 dan 2018 dengan menggunakan data primer dan sekunder. Data primer diperoleh melalui kuesioner yang didistribusikan kepada 21 responden pelaku usaha. Data sekunder diperoleh melalui publikasi Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan, serta Dinas Perindustrian dan Perdagangan Kabupaten Konawe Selatan. Data diolah melalui analisis deskriptif dan SWOT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekuatan industri pengolahan hasil perikanan di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan karena bahan baku bersumber dari potensi lokal, namun kelemahannya adalah bahan baku tersebut masih fluktuatif. Kendala bahan baku dialami khususnya oleh industri fermentasi, pengasapan, dan pengeringan ikan. Selain faktor musiman, ketersediaan bahan baku juga terkendala karena bahan baku sebagian besar berasal dari nelayan tradisional dengan struktur armada perikanan yang didominasi oleh nelayan skala kecil. Dengan demikian, pengembangan industri hasil perikanan mensyaratkan perbaikan di sektor hulu melalui sinergitas kebijakan penanganan keterbatasan bahan baku dari berbagai lembaga terkait. Sementara itu, temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 24% unit usaha telah menembus pasar nasional. Ketersediaan bahan baku juga terkendala karena 28% telah menembus pasar regional, sisanya 48% hanya mampu memasarkan produknya di wilayah lokal. Kelompok industri yang hanya menjangkau skala lokal, yaitu industri pelumatan, pengasapan, dan pemindangan, serta beberapa usaha makanan olahan hasil perikanan. Bagi industri yang mengalami jangkauan pasar yang rendah akibat minimnya ketersediaan bahan baku, maka dapat menggunakan bahan baku pengganti namun tetap mempertahankan kualitas produk sesuai dengan selera pasar.Title: Fish Processing Industry in South Konawe Regency,  South East SulawesiThis study aimed to examine the availability of raw materials and the marketing scale of fish processing industry in South Konawe Regency. This research was conducted in 2017 and 2018 using primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through questionnaires from 21 respondents. Secondary data were collected from Statistics Indonesia, Fisheries and Marine Affairs Office, and Industry and Trade Affairs of South Konawe Regency. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis and SWOT analysis. The results found that raw material from local sources is the major force of fish processing industry. However, the fluctuating condition of its availability becomes the weakness. Fermentation, smoked fish, and dried fish processing industries suffer from this raw material problems. In addition, the availability of raw materials also largely depends on fishing results from small-scale traditional fishers. Therefore, the development of the fish industries need some specific improvement in the upstream section through the synergy on policies regarding raw material management from related institutions. Meanwhile, the research finding showed that 24% of business units have penetrated national market 28% have penetrated regional market, while the remaining 48% have only penetrated local market. The local industries were pulverized, smoked fish, fish brine, and some other fish processing industries. Those who could only reach small market area due to limited availability of raw materials are able to use substitute materials in a similar quality of market preferences.

scholarly journals Characterization and Pathogenic Potential of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from the Smoked Fish Industry

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 646-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn M. Norton ◽  
Janet M. Scarlett ◽  
Kelly Horton ◽  
David Sue ◽  
Joanne Thimothe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Fish Industry

ABSTRACT This study was designed to evaluate the hypothesis that some of theListeria monocytogenes subtypes associated with foods, specifically smoked fish, may have an attenuated ability to cause human disease. We tested this hypothesis by using two different approaches: (i) comparison of molecular subtypes found among 117 isolates from smoked fish, raw materials, fish in process, and processing environments with subtypes found among a collection of 275 human clinical isolates and (ii) the evaluation of the cytopathogenicity of industrial isolates. Ribotyping and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism typing of the hlyA and actA genes differentiated 23 subtypes among the industrial isolates and allowed classification of the isolates into three genetic lineages. A significantly higher proportion of human isolates (69.1%) than industrial isolates (36.8%) were classified as lineage I, which contains human sporadic isolates and all epidemic isolates. All other industrial isolates (63.2%) were classified as lineage II, which contains only human sporadic isolates. Lineage I ribotypes DUP-1038B and DUP-1042B represented a significantly higher proportion of the human isolates than industrial isolates (5.1%). Lineage II ribotypes DUP-1039C, DUP-1042C, and DUP-1045, shown previously to persist in the smoked fish processing environment, represented nearly 50% of the industrial isolates, compared to 7.6% of the human isolates. Representatives of each subtype were evaluated with a tissue culture plaque assay. Lineage I isolates formed plaques that were significantly larger than those formed by lineage II isolates. Isolates from the smoked fish industry representing three ribotypes formed no plaques or small plaques, indicating that they had an impaired ability to infect mammalian cells. While L. monocytogenes clonal groups linked to human listeriosis cases and outbreaks were isolated, our data also suggest that at least some L. monocytogenes subtypes present in ready-to-eat foods may have limited human-pathogenic potential.

Note. Occurrence of Listeria spp. in salmon-trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) and salmon (Salmo salar) / Nota. Presencia de Listeria spp. en trucha asalmonada (Onchorhyncus mykiss) y salmón (Salmo salar)

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vaz-Velho ◽  
G. Duarte ◽  
P. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
The North ◽  
Smoked Salmon ◽  
Trout Farms ◽  
Fish Industry ◽  
Sources Of Contamination

Salmon-trout ( Onchorhyncus mykiss) and salmon ( Salmo salar) are the main raw materials in the cold-smoked fish industry. It is important to prevent the contamination of these ready-to-eat products with Listeria monocytogenes and other ( Listeria spp.) because the temperature used in the cold-smoking process is not sufficient to inactivate these organisms. The presence of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in the cold-smoked salmon and salmon-trout processing chains of three Portuguese factories examined was already confirmed in previous studies. Thus, it was important to ascertain the possible sources of contamination, the raw material being the most important one. All the Portuguese cold-smoking fish factories use fresh salmon-trout from two trout farms in the north of Portugal and Norwegian salmon which arrives by lorry every week under refrigeration, imported always by the same company; 88 samples of salmon and salmon-trout were analysed; 67 environmental samples from the two trout farms were also examined. The overall frequency ( n = 40) of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in salmon was 12 and 0% respectively. The overall frequency (n = 48) of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in salmon-trout was 6.3 and 2.1% respec tively. Listeria was not found in the environmental samples.

scholarly journals Prevalensi dan Tingkat Kontaminasi Listeria monocytogenes di Tambak dan Unit Pengolahan Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) untuk Pasar Ekspor

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Yusma Yennie ◽  
Gunawan Gunawan ◽  
Farida Ariyani
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Shrimp Culture ◽  
Critical Control Point ◽  
Traceability System ◽  
Good Manufacturing Practices ◽  
Frozen Shrimp

Listeria monocytogenes adalah salah satu bakteri patogen yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit bawaan pangan. Penolakan ekspor produk udang beku Indonesia karena kontaminasi L. monocytogenes masih terjadi yang berdampak pada kerugian material bagi pelaku usaha. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui prevalensi dan tingkat kontaminasi L. monocytogenes pada produk udang beku untuk pasar ekspor. Sampel yang diambil merupakan udang segar dari tambak dan bahan baku dari bagian penerimaan di Unit Pengolahan Ikan (UPI) serta udang beku sebagai produk akhir UPI, dengan menerapkan sistem ketertelusuran. Lokasi penelitian adalah Sumatra Utara (Medan), DKI Jakarta, Jawa Timur (Surabaya dan Banyuwangi), dan Sulawesi Selatan (Makassar). Identifikasi dan enumerasi L. monocytogenes dilakukan dengan metode MPN-PCR dengan target gen hlyA (~456bp). Prevalensi L. monocytogenes pada udang vaname secara keseluruhan sebesar 6,7% (9/135 sampel), dengan prevalensi di masing-masing titik pengambilan sampel berturut-turut 6,1% di tambak, 9,6% di bahan baku, dan 4% di produk akhir, yang merupakan sampel udang dari batch yang sama. Tingkat kontaminasi L. monocytogenes pada sampel udang vaname berkisar 6,1-1.100 APM/g. Persyaratan L. monocytogenes pada bahan pangan adalah negatif/25g, sehingga sampel udang yang terkontaminasi L. monocytogenes tersebut tidak memenuhi persyaratan sebagai pangan yang aman untuk dikonsumsi berdasarkan regulasi yang berlaku di Indonesia maupun di negara lain. Kontaminasi L. monocytogenes pada udang beku kemungkinan berasal dari tambak ataupun lingkungan pengolahan. Penerapan Good Aquaculture Practices (GAP) di lingkungan tambak udang, serta Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) dan Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) di UPI perlu dilakukan dengan benar sebagai upaya pengendalian kontaminasi L. monocytogenes. Selain itu, perlu dilakukan kajian lebih lanjut mengenai sumber dan titik kritis kontaminasi L. monocytogenes di sepanjang rantai pengolahan udang beku mulai dari tambak sampai produk akhir.ABSTRACTListeria monocytogenes is pathogenic bacteria that can cause foodborne illness. Rejection of frozen shrimp exports due to L. monocytogenes contamination still occurs and causes economical losses for the industries. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and the level of L. monocytogenes contamination in frozen shrimp for export markets. Samples collected were fresh shrimp from shrimp culture and raw material from the receiving point of fish processing plants (UPI), and frozen shrimp as the end product, by implementing a traceability system. Study locations were in North Sumatra (Medan), Special Capital Region of Jakarta, East Java (Surabaya dan Banyuwangi), and South Sulawesi (Makassar). Identification and enumeration of L. monocytogenes were carried out using the MPN-PCR method with the target gene hlyA (~456bp). The prevalence of L. monocytogenes in vanname shrimp was 6.7% (9 out of 135 samples), where 6.1%, 9.6%, and 4% of the prevalence were found in samples from shrimp culture, raw material, and end product, respectively. These samples were from the same batch. The contamination level ranged from 6.1 to 1,100 MPN/g. L. monocytogenes in food should be negative/25g, thus the contaminated samples do not meet requirements as safe for human consumption based on food regulation in Indonesia and other countries. Findings from this study suggested that shrimp culture or fish processing environment are potential sources of L. monocytogenes contamination in frozen shrimp. Therefore, the implementation of Good Aquaculture Practices (GAP) in shrimp culture environment, as well as Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in shrimp processing plant are necessary to control L. monocytogenes contamination. Further studies regarding the sources and critical points of L. monocytogenes contamination throughout the processing of frozen shrimp from shrimp culture to end product are also needed.

Enhanced Detection of Listeria spp. in Farmstead Cheese Processing Environments through Dual Primary Enrichment, PCR, and Molecular Subtyping

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 2239-2248 ◽  
Author(s):  
DENNIS J. D'AMICO ◽  
CATHERINE W. DONNELLY
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Environmental Sampling ◽  
Strain Diversity ◽  
Enrichment Protocol ◽  
Automated Ribotyping ◽  
Epidemiological Significance ◽  
Enrichment Methods ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

The incidence and ecology of Listeria spp. in farmstead cheese processing environments were assessed through environmental sampling conducted in nine different plants over a 10-week period. Environmental samples (n = 705) were examined for the presence of Listeria spp. by using three detection/isolation protocols. The use of dual enrichment methods, which allowed for the recovery of injured Listeria spp. (mUSDA), identified more Listeria species–positive samples with higher sensitivity than the standard USDA method. The addition of PCR to the mUSDA method identified the most Listeria monocytogenes–positive samples, achieving greater sensitivity of detection while substantially reducing time. Overall, 7.5% of samples were positive for Listeria spp., yielding 710 isolates, 253 of which were subtyped by automated ribotyping to examine strain diversity within and between plants over time. The isolation of specific ribotypes did not appear to be affected by the enrichment protocol used. Fifteen (2.1%) samples yielded L. monocytogenes isolates differentiated almost equally into ribotypes of lineages I and II. Of most concern was the persistent and widespread contamination of a plant with L. monocytogenes DUP-1042B, a ribotype previously associated with multiple outbreaks of listeriosis. Our results suggest that the extent of contamination by Listeria spp., notably L. monocytogenes, in farmstead cheese plants is comparatively low, especially for those with on-site farms. The results of this study also identified points of control for use in designing more effective Listeria spp. control and monitoring programs with a focus on ribotypes of epidemiological significance.

scholarly journals Exploiting of Secondary Raw Materials from Fish Processing Industry as a Source of Bioactive Peptide-Rich Protein Hydrolysates

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
Girija Gajanan Phadke ◽  
Nikheel Bhojraj Rathod ◽  
Fatih Ozogul ◽  
Krishnamoorthy Elavarasan ◽  
Muthusamy Karthikeyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Peptides ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Secondary Raw Materials ◽  
Fish And Shellfish

Developing peptide-based drugs are very promising to address many of the lifestyle mediated diseases which are prevalent in a major portion of the global population. As an alternative to synthetic peptide-based drugs, derived peptides from natural sources have gained a greater attention in the last two decades. Aquatic organisms including plants, fish and shellfish are known as a rich reservoir of parent protein molecules which can offer novel sequences of amino acids in peptides, having unique bio-functional properties upon hydrolyzing with proteases from different sources. However, rather than exploiting fish and shellfish stocks which are already under pressure due to overexploitation, the processing discards, regarded as secondary raw material, could be a potential choice for peptide based therapeutic development strategies. In this connection, we have attempted to review the scientific reports in this area of research that deal with some of the well-established bioactive properties, such as antihypertensive, anti-oxidative, anti-coagulative, antibacterial and anticarcinogenic properties, with reference to the type of enzymes, substrate used, degree of particular bio-functionality, mechanism, and wherever possible, the active amino acid sequences in peptides. Many of the studies have been conducted on hydrolysate (crude mixture of peptides) enriched with low molecular bioactive peptides. In vitro and in vivo experiments on the potency of bioactive peptides to modulate the human physiological functions beneficially have demonstrated that these peptides can be used in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable lifestyle mediated diseases. The information synthesized under this review could serve as a point of reference to drive further research on and development of functionally active therapeutic natural peptides. Availability of such scientific information is expected to open up new zones of investigation for adding value to underutilized secondary raw materials, which in turn paves the way for sustainability in fish processing. However, there are significant challenges ahead in exploring the fish waste as a source of bioactive peptides, as it demands more studies on mechanisms and structure–function relationship understanding as well as clearance from regulatory and statutory bodies before reaching the end user in the form of supplement or therapeutics.

scholarly journals Effect of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma on Listeria monocytogenes Attached to Abiotic Surfaces

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
VALENTINA ALESSANDRIA ◽  
KALLIOPI RANTSIOU ◽  
MARIA CHIARA CAVALLERO ◽  
LUCA SIMONE COCOLIN
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pressure Plasma ◽  
Abiotic Surfaces ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes can be introduced into food processing plants via raw material of animal or plant origin and can establish endemic populations through formation of biofilms. Biofilms are a continuous source of contamination for food products, and L. monocytogenes cells in biofilms are more resistant to stress and sanitizing agents than are planktonic cells. The use of gas-discharge plasmas may offer a feasible alternative to conventional sanitization methods. Plasmas are a mixture of charged particles, chemically reactive species, and UV radiation and can be used to destroy microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to measure the effectiveness of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) treatments against bacteria attached to a solid surface and to evaluate the individual susceptibility of various L. monocytogenes strains. Attention was focused on the state of the cells after treatment, combining detection by viable counts and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Most of the culturable cells were inactivated after APP treatment, but the qPCR assay targeting the 16S rRNA revealed the presence of injured cells or their entrance into the viable but nonculturable state. These results were at least partly confirmed by a resuscitation experiment. After APP treatment, L. monocytogenes cell suspensions were incubated in brain heart infusion broth; some cells grew in the medium and therefore had survived the treatment. An understanding of the effects of APP on L. monocytogenes can inform the development of sanitation programs incorporating APP for pathogen removal. Methods other than those based of the culturability of the cells should be used to monitor pathogens in food processing plants because cultivation alone may underestimate the actual microbial load.

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