scholarly journals The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome—How Worried Should We Be?

mBio ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Perlman
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Director General ◽  
Small Rodent ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACT Ten years after the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic, a second coronavirus, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), has been identified as the cause of a highly lethal pneumonia in patients in the Middle East and in travelers from this region. Over the past 9 months, since the virus was first isolated, much has been learned about the biology of the virus. It is now clear that MERS-CoV is transmissible from person to person, and its close relationship with several bat coronaviruses suggests that these animals may be the ultimate source of the infection. However, many key issues need to be addressed, including identification of the proximate, presumably zoonotic, source of the infection, the prevalence of the infection in human populations, details regarding clinical and pathological features of the human infection, the establishment of a small rodent model for the infection, and the virological and immune basis for the severe disease observed in most patients. Most importantly, we do not know whether a MERS-CoV epidemic is likely or not. Infection with the virus has so far resulted in only 91 cases and 46 deaths (as of 29 July 2013), but it is nonetheless setting off alarm bells among public health officials, including Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization, who called MERS-CoV “a threat to the entire world.” This article reviews some of the progress that has been made and discusses some of the questions that need to be answered.

Coronaviruses: HCoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ison
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of viral pathogens that infect mammals and birds. The presentation in humans is typically that of a mild upper respiratory tract infection, similar to the common cold. However, in recent years, dramatic attention has arisen for more lethal members of this viral family (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS-CoV], Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS-CoV], and coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these viruses are discussed in this review. Importantly, new guideline tables from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as the World Health Organization are provided at the conclusion of the review. This review contains 12 tables, 3 figure and 48 references. Keywords: Coronavirus, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19, respiratory infection, antiviral, real-time polymerase chain reaction

Coronaviruses: HCoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ison
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of viral pathogens that infect mammals and birds. The presentation in humans is typically that of a mild upper respiratory tract infection, similar to the common cold. However, in recent years, dramatic attention has arisen for more lethal members of this viral family (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS-CoV], Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS-CoV], and coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these viruses are discussed in this review. Importantly, new guideline tables from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as the World Health Organization are provided at the conclusion of the review. This review contains 12 tables, 3 figure and 48 references. Keywords: Coronavirus, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19, respiratory infection, antiviral, real-time polymerase chain reaction

Coronaviruses: HCoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ison
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of viral pathogens that infect mammals and birds. The presentation in humans is typically that of a mild upper respiratory tract infection, similar to the common cold. However, in recent years, dramatic attention has arisen for more lethal members of this viral family (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS-CoV], Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS-CoV], and coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these viruses are discussed in this review. Importantly, new guideline tables from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as the World Health Organization are provided at the conclusion of the review. This review contains 12 tables, 3 figure and 48 references. Keywords: Coronavirus, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19, respiratory infection, antiviral, real-time polymerase chain reaction

Coronaviruses: HCoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ison
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of viral pathogens that infect mammals and birds. The presentation in humans is typically that of a mild upper respiratory tract infection, similar to the common cold. However, in recent years, dramatic attention has arisen for more lethal members of this viral family (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS-CoV], Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS-CoV], and coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these viruses are discussed in this review. Importantly, new guideline tables from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as the World Health Organization are provided at the conclusion of the review. This review contains 12 tables, 3 figure and 48 references. Keywords: Coronavirus, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19, respiratory infection, antiviral, real-time polymerase chain reaction

Coronaviruses: HCoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ison
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of viral pathogens that infect mammals and birds. The presentation in humans is typically that of a mild upper respiratory tract infection, similar to the common cold. However, in recent years, dramatic attention has arisen for more lethal members of this viral family (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS-CoV], Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS-CoV], and coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these viruses are discussed in this review. Importantly, new guideline tables from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as the World Health Organization are provided at the conclusion of the review. This review contains 12 tables, 3 figure and 48 references. Keywords: Coronavirus, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19, respiratory infection, antiviral, real-time polymerase chain reaction

scholarly journals Activation of C-Type Lectin Receptor and (RIG)-I-Like Receptors Contributes to Proinflammatory Response in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Infected Macrophages

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Zhao ◽  
Hin Chu ◽  
Bosco Ho-Yin Wong ◽  
Man Chun Chiu ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Proinflammatory Response ◽  
Pharmacological Inhibition ◽  
Lectin Receptor ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background Human infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) poses an ongoing threat to public health worldwide. The studies of MERS patients with severe disease and experimentally infected animals showed that robust viral replication and intensive proinflammatory response in lung tissues contribute to high pathogenicity of MERS-CoV. We sought to identify pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathway(s) that mediates the inflammatory cascade in human macrophages upon MERS-CoV infection. Methods The potential signaling pathways were manipulated individually by pharmacological inhibition, small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) depletion, and antibody blocking. The MERS-CoV-induced proinflammatory response was evaluated by measuring the expression levels of key cytokines and/or chemokines. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay, flow cytometry analysis, and Western blotting were applied to evaluate the activation of related PRRs and engagement of adaptors. Results MERS-CoV replication significantly upregulated C-type lectin receptor (CLR) macrophage-inducible Ca2+-dependent lectin receptor (Mincle). The role of Mincle for MERS-CoV-triggered cytokine/chemokine induction was established based on the results of antibody blockage, siRNA depletion of Mincle and its adaptor spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), and Syk pharmacological inhibition. The cytokine and/or chemokine induction was significantly attenuated by siRNA depletion of retinoic acid-inducible-I-like receptors (RLR) or adaptor, indicating that RLR signaling also contributed to MERS-CoV-induced proinflammatory response. Conclusions The CLR and RLR pathways are activated and contribute to the proinflammatory response in MERS-CoV-infected macrophages.

scholarly journals Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Novie H. Rampengan
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Middle East ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a respiratory disease caused by Corona virus (MERS-CoV). This virus was first reported in 2012 in Saudi Arabia. World Health Organization (WHO) reported that until June 2015 there were 26 countries infected by MERS-CoV with a total of 1,334 laboratory confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection and 471 deaths. According to WHO as many as 75% of MERS-CoV cases are secondary cases, obtained from other infected people. In mid 2015 it is reported that MERS-CoV attacked South Korea with 172 confirmed cases of MERS-CoV and 27 deaths. There are no approved antiviral agents for the treatment of MERS-CoV infection or vaccine available for the prevention of MERS-CoV. MERS cases are treated with supportive therapy such as hydration, antipyretics, analgesics, respiratory support, and antibiotics in case of secondary infectionKeywords: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Corona virus, treatmentAbstrak: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) merupakan penyakit saluran napas yang disebabkan oleh Corona virus (MERS-CoV). Virus ini pertama kali dilaporkan pada tahun 2012 di Arab Saudi. WHO melaporkan bahwa sampai Juni 2015 terdapat 26 negara terinfeksi MERS-CoV dengan total 1.334 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium terinfeksi MERS-CoV dan 471 kematian. Menurut WHO sebanyak 75% dari kasus MERS-CoV merupakan kasus sekunder, yaitu diperoleh dari orang lain yang terinfeksi. Pada pertengahan tahun 2015 dilaporkan MERS-CoV menyerang Korea Selatan dengan 172 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium terinfeksi MERS-CoV dan 27 kematian. Belum ada antivirus yang disetujui untuk pengobatan infeksi MERS-CoV atau vaksin yang tersedia untuk pencegahan MERS-CoV. Penanganan MERS-CoV dengan terapi suportif berupa hidrasi, antipiretik, analgetik, bantuan pernapasan, dan antibiotik bila terjadi infeksi sekunder.Kata kunci: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Corona virus, penanganan

scholarly journals The history and epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisha M. Al-Osail ◽  
Marwan J. Al-Wazzah
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Corona Viruses

Corona viruses cause common cold, and infections caused by corona viruses are generally self-resolving. During the last 4 years, corona viruses have become the most important viruses worldwide because of the occurrence of several recent deaths caused by corona viruses in Saudi Arabia. Spread of the infection occurred worldwide; however, most cases of mortality have occurred in the Middle East. Owing to the predominance of outbreaks in the Middle Eastern countries, the virus was renamed a Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) by the Corona virus Study Group. The Center for Diseases Control and Prevention and World Health Organization maintain a website that is updated frequently with new cases of MERS-CoV infection. In this review, we describe the history and epidemiology of this novel virus. Studies of the genetics and molecular mechanisms of this virus are expected to facilitate the development of vaccines in the future.

scholarly journals A database of geopositioned Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus occurrences

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca E. Ramshaw ◽  
Ian D. Letourneau ◽  
Amy Y. Hong ◽  
Julia Hon ◽  
Julia D. Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Information Index ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Organization Research

AbstractAs a World Health Organization Research and Development Blueprint priority pathogen, there is a need to better understand the geographic distribution of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and its potential to infect mammals and humans. This database documents cases of MERS-CoV globally, with specific attention paid to zoonotic transmission. An initial literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus; after screening articles according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, a total of 208 sources were selected for extraction and geo-positioning. Each MERS-CoV occurrence was assigned one of the following classifications based upon published contextual information: index, unspecified, secondary, mammal, environmental, or imported. In total, this database is comprised of 861 unique geo-positioned MERS-CoV occurrences. The purpose of this article is to share a collated MERS-CoV database and extraction protocol that can be utilized in future mapping efforts for both MERS-CoV and other infectious diseases. More broadly, it may also provide useful data for the development of targeted MERS-CoV surveillance, which would prove invaluable in preventing future zoonotic spillover.

Coronaviruses: HCoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ison
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of viral pathogens that infect mammals and birds. The presentation in humans is typically that of a mild upper respiratory tract infection, similar to the common cold. However, in recent years, dramatic attention has arisen for more lethal members of this viral family (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS-CoV], Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS-CoV], and coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these viruses are discussed in this review. Importantly, new guideline tables from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as the World Health Organization are provided at the conclusion of the review. This review contains 12 tables, 3 figure and 48 references. Keywords: Coronavirus, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19, respiratory infection, antiviral, real-time polymerase chain reaction

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