scholarly journals Central nervous system of a 310-m.y.-old horseshoe crab: Expanding the taphonomic window for nervous system preservation

Geology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell D.C. Bicknell ◽  
Javier Ortega-Hernández ◽  
Gregory D. Edgecombe ◽  
Robert R. Gaines ◽  
John R. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Burgess Shale ◽  
Ecological Diversification ◽  
Marine Deposits ◽  
Mazon Creek ◽  
Horseshoe Crabs ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Insight Into

The central nervous system (CNS) presents unique insight into the behaviors and ecology of extant and extinct animal groups. However, neurological tissues are delicate and prone to rapid decay, and thus their occurrence as fossils is mostly confined to Cambrian Burgess Shale–type deposits and Cenozoic amber inclusions. We describe an exceptionally preserved CNS in the horseshoe crab Euproops danae from the late Carboniferous (Moscovian) Mazon Creek Konservat-Lagerstätte in Illinois, USA. The E. danae CNS demonstrates that the general prosomal synganglion organization has remained essentially unchanged in horseshoe crabs for >300 m.y., despite substantial morphological and ecological diversification in that time. Furthermore, it reveals that the euarthropod CNS can be preserved by molding in siderite and suggests that further examples may be present in the Mazon Creek fauna. This discovery fills a significant temporal gap in the fossil record of euarthropod CNSs and expands the taphonomic scope for preservation of detailed paleoneuroanatomical data in the Paleozoic to siderite concretion Lagerstätten of marginal marine deposits.

scholarly journals MicroRNA Signature in Human Normal and Tumoral Neural Stem Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana ◽  
Gaido ◽  
Murtas
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Mature Mirnas ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Cellular Context ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Insight Into

MicroRNAs, also called miRNAs or simply miR-, represent a unique class of non-coding RNAs that have gained exponential interest during recent years because of their determinant involvement in regulating the expression of several genes. Despite the increasing number of mature miRNAs recognized in the human species, only a limited proportion is engaged in the ontogeny of the central nervous system (CNS). miRNAs also play a pivotal role during the transition of normal neural stem cells (NSCs) into tumor-forming NSCs. More specifically, extensive studies have identified some shared miRNAs between NSCs and neural cancer stem cells (CSCs), namely miR-7, -124, -125, -181 and miR-9, -10, -130. In the context of NSCs, miRNAs are intercalated from embryonic stages throughout the differentiation pathway in order to achieve mature neuronal lineages. Within CSCs, under a different cellular context, miRNAs perform tumor suppressive or oncogenic functions that govern the homeostasis of brain tumors. This review will draw attention to the most characterizing studies dealing with miRNAs engaged in neurogenesis and in the tumoral neural stem cell context, offering the reader insight into the power of next generation miRNA-targeted therapies against brain malignances.

scholarly journals Sleep and Psychiatric Disorder

1968 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
J. A. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Arousal System ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
New Learning ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Change Of Consciousness ◽  
Meaningful Stimuli ◽  
Insight Into

A review of some of the important recent findings on sleep and its disorders has been presented and they provide some insight into the mysterious process of sleep. Sleep is shown to be a very complex process which will require not only extension of the current researches but a revised approach into the areas covered by previous studies. Sleep is a unique state quite different from other phenomena of loss or change of consciousness. It is distinguished from hypnosis which may involve more the specific arousal system of the thalamus. Hypnotic blindness for example does not involve sleep changes but rather a reversal of the electrical activity of the visual cortex (38). Although there appears to be a system which alerts the sleeping organism to meaningful stimuli it seems that there is little evidence of significant new learning during sleep (12, 120, 153). Rather sleep involves the focusing of the activity of the central nervous system on its internal processes. Sleep produces a state of relative bodily inactivity but the central nervous system remains actively engaged in a restorative process not yet understood. The discovery of the REM state has shown the complexity of sleep. No study of the effect of physical or chemical stimuli on the nervous system during sleep will be adequate without the examination of effects and responses in the different phases of sleep. The lack of success of continuous sleep therapy may be in part due to suppression of REM sleep by the sedatives used (23). It should be stated, however, that clinical studies are also needed to supplement the more sophisticated and expensive scientific procedures. There are still many areas of controversy on the phenomenology of sleep disorder which need investigation.

scholarly journals Croonian Lecture. — Animal posture.

1925 ◽  
Vol 98 (690) ◽  
pp. 339-353 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Reflex Action ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Insight Into

Every movement starts from and ends in some posture, so that I think a discussion of “Animal Posture” falls well within the scope of the intention of Dr. William Croone, when he founded these annual Lectures to promote the study of “Muscular Motion.” Before beginning I wish to emphasise how greatly I appreciate the honour of delivering before you this Lecture, and how I especially enjoy the pleasure of doing so with Sir Charles Sherrington in the Chair, who long ago took the trouble to introduce me to his beautiful methods of investigating the central nervous system, and to allow me an insight into his fruitful views on the function of nervous centres. As it is impossible to consider the whole problem of posture in one short lecture, I propose to speak to you to-day on four partial problem.5, which are closely connected with each other, and which provided the starting points for investigations which have been carried out in my laboratory at Utrecht, with the aid of a great number of able collaborators. These partial problems are :— 1. Reflex standing . —In order to carry the weight of the body against the action of gravity, it is necessary that a certain set of muscles, the “standing muscles,” should have by reflex action a certain degree of enduring tone, to prevent the body from falling down on the ground.

scholarly journals The evolution of nervous system centralization

2008 ◽  
Vol 363 (1496) ◽  
pp. 1523-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Detlev Arendt ◽  
Alexandru S Denes ◽  
Gáspár Jékely ◽  
Kristin Tessmar-Raible
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Anatomy ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Insight Into

It is yet unknown when and in what form the central nervous system in Bilateria first came into place and how it further evolved in the different bilaterian phyla. To find out, a series of recent molecular studies have compared neurodevelopment in slow-evolving deuterostome and protostome invertebrates, such as the enteropneust hemichordate Saccoglossus and the polychaete annelid Platynereis . These studies focus on the spatially different activation and, when accessible, function of genes that set up the molecular anatomy of the neuroectoderm and specify neuron types that emerge from distinct molecular coordinates. Complex similarities are detected, which reveal aspects of neurodevelopment that most likely occurred already in a similar manner in the last common ancestor of the bilaterians, Urbilateria. This way, different aspects of the molecular architecture of the urbilaterian nervous system are reconstructed and yield insight into the degree of centralization that was in place in the bilaterian ancestors.

The effect of α-bungarotoxin on spontaneous activity in the ventral nerve cord of Limulus polyphemus

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Thomas ◽  
James G. Townsel
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Limulus Polyphemus ◽  
Cholinergic Antagonist ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Predominant Effect ◽  
Stimulation Of

The physiological action of α bungarotoxin in the central nervous system of the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus was investigated. Two types of effects were produced by the toxin. The predominant effect was an inhibition of spontaneous activity. However, in some instances α bungarotoxin caused a stimulation of activity. In both cases the action of the toxin resembled the effect of d-tubocurarine and opposed the effect of carbamylcholine. Both effects of α-bungarotoxin were maximal within 15 min and were sustained for at least 2 h. These results suggest that α-bungarotoxin acts as a cholinergic antagonist in the central nervous system of Limulus and are consistent with the specific binding of the toxin to an acetylcholine receptor.

scholarly journals Restriction of Manganese Intake Prevents the Onset of Brain Manganese Overload in Zip14−/− Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6773
Author(s):  
Yuze Wu ◽  
Guojun Wei ◽  
Ningning Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Manganese Transport ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

As a newly identified manganese transport protein, ZIP14 is highly expressed in the small intestine and liver, which are the two principal organs involved in regulating systemic manganese homeostasis. Loss of ZIP14 function leads to manganese overload in both humans and mice. Excess manganese in the body primarily affects the central nervous system, resulting in irreversible neurological disorders. Therefore, to prevent the onset of brain manganese accumulation becomes critical. In this study, we used Zip14−/− mice as a model for ZIP14 deficiency and discovered that these mice were born without manganese loading in the brain, but started to hyper-accumulate manganese within 3 weeks after birth. We demonstrated that decreasing manganese intake in Zip14−/− mice was effective in preventing manganese overload that typically occurs in these animals. Our results provide important insight into future studies that are targeted to reduce the onset of manganese accumulation associated with ZIP14 dysfunction in humans.

scholarly journals Pharmacological targeting of Tripartite Motif Containing 24 for the treatment of glioblastoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingzhi Han ◽  
Yanfei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Tripartite Motif ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Cell Propagation ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractGlioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive brain tumor of the central nervous system. Recent studies have reported the crucial functions of Tripartite Motif Containing 24 (TRIM24) in promoting cancer progression of GBM. However, it remains unclear if TRIM24 is an attractive druggable target for therapeutic intervention in GBM. We therefore performed a series of experiments, aiming to verify whether specific TRIM24 inhibition suppresses GBM malignant functions using dTRIM24 and IACS-9571, two novel selective TRIM24 antagonists. Our data showed that TRIM24 inhibitors serve as effective agents for inhibiting cell propagation and invasion of several patient-derived GBM stem cells (GSCs), and these effects are mediated partially through suppression of the TRIM24-SOX2 axis. This study provides novel insight into the TRIM24-based druggable dependencies, important for developing effective therapeutic strategies for brain tumors.

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