scholarly journals Supplemental Material: Mass extinction or extirpation: Permian biotic turnovers in the northwestern margin of Pangea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangmin Lee ◽  
et al.
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Northwestern Margin ◽  
Stratigraphic Ranges

Illustrations of Permian brachiopod species from the Kapp Statostin Formation in Spitsbergen and their detailed stratigraphic ranges.

scholarly journals Supplemental Material: Mass extinction or extirpation: Permian biotic turnovers in the northwestern margin of Pangea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangmin Lee ◽  
et al.
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Northwestern Margin ◽  
Stratigraphic Ranges

Illustrations of Permian brachiopod species from the Kapp Statostin Formation in Spitsbergen and their detailed stratigraphic ranges.

Using Confidence Intervals to Quantify the Uncertainty in the End-Points of Stratigraphic Ranges

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 291-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
End Points ◽  
Western Tethys ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Biotic Events ◽  
Stratigraphic Ranges ◽  
The Many

One of the many contributions paleontology makes to our understanding of the biosphere and its evolution is a direct temporal record of biotic events. However, assuming fossils have been correctly identified and accurately dated, stratigraphic ranges underestimate true temporal ranges: observed first occurrences are too young, and observed last occurrences are too old. Here I introduce the techniques developed for placing confidence intervals on the end-points of stratigraphic ranges. I begin with the analysis of single taxa in local sections – with the simplest of assumptions – random fossilization. This is followed by a discussion of the methods developed to handle the fact that the recovery of fossils is often non-random in space and time. After discussion of how confidence intervals can be used to test for simultaneous origination and extinctions, I conclude with an example application of confidence intervals to unravel the relative importance of background extinction, environmental change and mass extinction of ammonite species at the end of the Cretaceous in western Tethys.

scholarly journals Stratigraphic signatures of mass extinctions: ecological and sedimentary determinants

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1886) ◽  
pp. 20181191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Nawrot ◽  
Daniele Scarponi ◽  
Michele Azzarone ◽  
Troy A. Dexter ◽  
Kristopher M. Kusnerik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Sequence Stratigraphic ◽  
Recovery Potential ◽  
Mollusc Species ◽  
Stratigraphic Ranges ◽  
Extinction Events

Stratigraphic patterns of last occurrences (LOs) of fossil taxa potentially fingerprint mass extinctions and delineate rates and geometries of those events. Although empirical studies of mass extinctions recognize that random sampling causes LOs to occur earlier than the time of extinction (Signor–Lipps effect), sequence stratigraphic controls on the position of LOs are rarely considered. By tracing stratigraphic ranges of extant mollusc species preserved in the Holocene succession of the Po coastal plain (Italy), we demonstrated that, if mass extinction took place today, complex but entirely false extinction patterns would be recorded regionally due to shifts in local community composition and non-random variation in the abundance of skeletal remains, both controlled by relative sea-level changes. Consequently, rather than following an apparent gradual pattern expected from the Signor–Lipps effect, LOs concentrated within intervals of stratigraphic condensation and strong facies shifts mimicking sudden extinction pulses. Methods assuming uniform recovery potential of fossils falsely supported stepwise extinction patterns among studied species and systematically underestimated their stratigraphic ranges. Such effects of stratigraphic architecture, co-produced by ecological, sedimentary and taphonomic processes, can easily confound interpretations of the timing, duration and selectivity of mass extinction events. Our results highlight the necessity of accounting for palaeoenvironmental and sequence stratigraphic context when inferring extinction dynamics from the fossil record.

Macroevolutionary implications of mass extinction — evidence from an Upper Cambrian stage boundary

Paleobiology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Westrop
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Environmental Distribution ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Upper Cambrian ◽  
High Species Richness ◽  
Stratigraphic Ranges ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Family Survival ◽  
Better Than

Survival of North American shelf trilobite families during a mass extinction across the upper boundary of the Upper Cambrian Sunwaptan Stage (=“Ptychaspid Biomere”) cannot be predicted from patterns of turnover among their component species: on the shelf, stratigraphic ranges of species belonging to surviving families do not differ significantly from those of eliminated families. Thus, the sorting of families during the extinctions cannot be explained by simple upward causation from the individual level. However, families that ranged from shelf to slope environments before the extinctions (most of which are pandemic) fared significantly better than those confined to shelf settings (which tend to be endemic to North America), indicating that family survival was influenced by geographic and environmental distribution, a property emergent above the individual level. One factor implicated in clade survival during normal background times, high species richness, did not influence the outcome of mass extinction. The results affirm the importance of a hierarchical approach to the interpretation of macroevolutionary patterns and provide some support to the suggestion that sorting processes operating during mass extinctions differ from those of background times.

scholarly journals Early Triassic disaster and opportunistic foraminifers in South China

2015 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAIJUN SONG ◽  
JINNAN TONG ◽  
PAUL B. WIGNALL ◽  
MAO LUO ◽  
LI TIAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Lower Triassic ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Foraminiferal Species ◽  
Low Diversity ◽  
Stratigraphic Ranges ◽  
Extinction Events ◽  
Mass Extinction Events

AbstractSurvival and recovery are important dynamic processes of biotic evolution during major geological transitions. Disaster and opportunistic taxa are two significant groups that dominate the ecosystem in the aftermath of mass extinction events. Disaster taxa appear immediately after such crises whilst opportunists pre-date the crisis but also bloom in the aftermath. This paper documents three disaster foraminiferal species and seven opportunistic foraminiferal species from Lower Triassic successions of South China. They are characterized by extreme high abundance and low diversity and occurred occasionally in Griesbachian, Smithian and Spathian strata. The characteristics (small size, simple morphology) and stratigraphic ranges of these groups suggest thatr-selection is a commonly used strategy for survivors to cope with either harsh post-extinction conditions and/or environments lacking incumbents.

scholarly journals Early athyride brachiopod evolution through the Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction and recovery, Anticosti Island, eastern Canada

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1123-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Copper ◽  
Jisuo Jin
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Early Group ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Stratigraphic Ranges ◽  
Anticosti Island ◽  
Extinction Events ◽  
Mass Extinction Events ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThe subfamily Hindellinae is an early group of athyride brachiopods, characterized by a simple jugum that connects the laterally directed spiralia, which are disjunct from the crura. Four genera (Hindella, Cryptothyrella, Koigia, and Hyattidina) are reexamined on the basis of their internal structures, such as the crura and their connection to the hinge, the jugum, and spiralia. The internal brachidium and shell of the Aeronian genus Cryptothyrella differ substantially from those of Hindella. Elkanathyris pallula n. gen. n. sp. is recognized as a posteriorly ribbed hindellide of Aeronian age. These genera are transferred from the Meristellinae to the subfamily Hindellinae (family Hindellidae). On Anticosti Island, Hindella is confined to the Hirnantian (latest Ordovician): it became extinct at the end Ordovician during the last of several mass extinction events that also extinguished the Laframboise reefs at the top of the Ellis Bay Formation. Post-extinction recovery of athyrides was pioneered by small-shelled Koigia, which are abundant in the basal Silurian Becscie Formation. Hyattidina, with a simple brachidium, is abundant in the Aeronian and Telychian of Anticosti, but absent earlier. True meristellines, as envisioned here, first appeared in the Aeronian Gun River Formation. The revised taxonomy and stratigraphic ranges of these earliest athyrides shed light on the nature of the Ordovician–Silurian mass extinction and recovery, and help refine the biostratigraphy of the O-S boundary interval.

scholarly journals Crinoids from Svalbard in the aftermath of the end−Permian mass extinction

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz A. Salamon ◽  
Przemysław Gorzelak ◽  
Nils−Martin Hanken ◽  
Henrik Erevik Riise ◽  
Bruno Ferré
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Lower Triassic ◽  
Late Paleozoic ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Major Event ◽  
Early Mesozoic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Permian Extinction ◽  
Stratigraphic Ranges ◽  
Permian Mass Extinction

AbstractThe end-Permian mass extinction constituted a major event in the history of crinoids. It led to the demise of the major Paleozoic crinoid groups including cladids, disparids, flexibles and camerates. It is widely accepted that a single lineage, derived from a late Paleozoic cladid ancestor (Ampelocrinidae), survived this mass extinction. Holocrinid crinoids (Holocrinus, Holocrinida) along with recently described genus Baudicrinus (Encrinida), the only crinoid groups known from the Early Triassic, are considered the stem groups for the post-Paleozoic monophyletic subclass Articulata. Here, we report preliminary data on unexpectedly diverse crinoid faunas comprising at least four orders from the Lower Triassic (Induan and Olenekian) of Svalbard, extending their stratigraphic ranges deeper into the early Mesozoic. These findings strongly imply that the recovery of crinoids in the aftermath of the end-Permian extinction began much earlier at higher palaeolatitudes than in the central Tethys.

Coal-fired trigger of mass extinction

Nature ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayathri Vaidyanathan
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction

An Expert Ranked List of Pro-nature Conservation Behaviours for Public Use

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Barbett ◽  
Edward Stupple ◽  
Michael Sweet ◽  
Miles Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Nature Conservation ◽  
General Population ◽  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Ranked List

The planet is facing an anthropogenic mass extinction of wildlife, which will have a grave impact on the environment and humans. Widespread human action is needed to minimize the negative impact of humans on biodiversity and support the restoration of wildlife. In order to find effective ways to promote pro-nature conservation behaviours to the general population, there is a need to provide a list of behaviours which will have worthwhile ecological impact and are worth encouraging. In a novel collaboration between psychologists and ecologists, 70 experts from practical and academic conservation backgrounds were asked to review and rate 48 conservation related behaviours. According to their judgement, this short paper presents a ranked list of pro-nature conservation behaviours for the public in the UK and similar landscapes. This includes behaviours people can engage in in their homes, their gardens, on their land, and in their roles as citizens.

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