Intimate partner violence and social connection among married women in rural Bangladesh

BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) is high among married women in Bangladesh. Social isolation is a well-established correlate of women’s exposure to IPV, but the role of such factors in low-income and middle-income countries is not well understood. In this study, we explore whether social connection is protective against IPV among married women in rural Bangladesh.MethodsData were drawn from a multistage, stratified, population-based longitudinal sample of 3355 married women in rural Bangladesh, who were surveyed on individual and contextual risk factors of IPV. Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the association between three different domains of social connection (natal family contact, female companionship and instrumental social support), measured at baseline in 2013, and the risk of three different forms of IPV (psychological, physical and sexual), approximately 10 months later, adjusted for woman’s level of education, spouse’s level of education, level of household wealth, age and age of marriage.ResultsAdjusted models showed that instrumental social support was associated with a lower risk of past year psychological IPV (risk ratio (RR)=0.84, 95% CI 0.769 to 0.914), sexual IPV (RR=0.90, 95% CI 0.822 to 0.997) and physical IPV (RR=0.81, 95% CI 0.718 to 0.937). Natal family contact was also associated with a lower risk of each type of IPV, but not in a graded fashion. Less consistent associations were observed with female companionship.ConclusionOur findings suggest that social connection, particularly in the form of instrumental support, may protect married women in rural Bangladesh from experiencing IPV.

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Determinants of Ethiopian Women’s Attitudes Toward Wife Beating

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260517691524 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (1-2) ◽

pp. 510-520

Author(s):

Eshetu Wencheko ◽

Mekonnen Tadesse

Keyword(s):

Partner Violence ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Married Women ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Wife Beating ◽

World Health ◽

Place Of Residence ◽

Level Of Education

The World Health Organization stipulated that intimate partner violence is one of the most common forms of violence against women and includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and controlling behaviors by an intimate partner. Opposition of women against any form of violence at home, beating by their husbands in particular, is a manifestation of readiness to assert their personal rights. This study used data from the 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey to identify some predictors to determine attitudes of married Ethiopian women toward wife beating. The dataset used consisted of 5,818 married women of the reproductive age group 15 to 49 years. While 1,393 (24%) married women did not oppose wife beating, a total of 4,425 (76%) opposed the practice. In the binary multiple logistic regression analysis, age, economic status, level of education, employment status of a woman, number of children living in the household, region (federal administrative regions delineated on the basis of ethnicity), place of residence (urban vs. rural), religion, and husband’s level of education have been included as possible socioeconomic and demographic determinants of women’s attitudes toward wife beating. The findings showed that the predictors region, place of residence, number of living children in a household, and religion were significantly associated with women attitudes toward wife beating.

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Intimate Partner Violence and its Association With Contraceptive Use Among Women in Pakistan

Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research ◽

10.33824/pjpr.2019.34.1.9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (Spring 2019) ◽

pp. 157-173

Author(s):

Kashif Siddique ◽

Rubeena Zakar ◽

Ra’ana Malik ◽

Naveeda Farhat ◽

Farah Deeba

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Contraceptive Use ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Married Women ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Odds Ratios

The aim of this study is to find the association between Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and contraceptive use among married women in Pakistan. The analysis was conducted by using cross sectional secondary data from every married women of reproductive age 15-49 years who responded to domestic violence module (N = 3687) of the 2012-13 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey. The association between contraceptive use (outcome variable) and IPV was measured by calculating unadjusted odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals using simple binary logistic regression and multivariable binary logistic regression. The result showed that out of 3687 women, majority of women 2126 (57.7%) were using contraceptive in their marital relationship. Among total, 1154 (31.3%) women experienced emotional IPV, 1045 (28.3%) women experienced physical IPV and 1402 (38%) women experienced both physical and emotional IPV together respectively. All types of IPV was significantly associated with contraceptive use and women who reported emotional IPV (AOR 1.44; 95% CI 1.23, 1.67), physical IPV (AOR 1.41; 95% CI 1.20, 1.65) and both emotional and physical IPV together (AOR 1.49; 95% CI 1.24, 1.72) were more likely to use contraceptives respectively. The study revealed that women who were living in violent relationship were more likely to use contraceptive in Pakistan. Still there is a need for women reproductive health services and government should take initiatives to promote family planning services, awareness and access to contraceptive method options for women to reduce unintended or mistimed pregnancies that occurred in violent relationships.

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Development and Validation of the Economic Coercion Scale 36 (ECS-36) in Rural Bangladesh

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260520987812 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052098781

Author(s):

Kathryn M. Yount ◽

Yuk Fai Cheong ◽

Stephanie Miedema ◽

Ruchira T. Naved

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Short Form ◽

Latent Trait ◽

Married Women ◽

Primary Data ◽

Group Factor ◽

Rural Bangladesh ◽

Multiple Group ◽

Economic Coercion

Assessing progress toward Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5, to achieve gender equality and to empower women, requires monitoring trends in intimate partner violence (IPV). Current measures of IPV may miss women’s experiences of economic coercion, or interference with the acquisition, use, and maintenance of financial resources. This sequential, mixed-methods study developed and validated a scale for economic coercion in married women in rural Bangladesh, where women’s expanding economic opportunities may elevate the risks of economic coercion and other IPV. Forty items capturing lifetime and prior-year economic coercion were adapted from formative qualitative research and prior scales and administered to a probability sample of 930 married women 16–49 years. An economic coercion scale (ECS) was validated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with primary data from random-split samples ( N1 = 310; N2 = 620). Item response theory (IRT) methods gauged the measurement precision of items and scales over the range of the economic-coercion latent trait. Multiple-group factor analysis assessed measurement invariance of the economic-coercion construct. Two-thirds (62.26%) of women reported any lifetime economic coercion. EFA suggested a 36-item, two-factor model capturing barriers to acquire and to use or maintain economic resources. CFA, multiple group factor analysis, and multidimensional IRT methods confirmed that this model provided a reasonable fit to the data. IRT analysis showed that each dimension provided most precision over the higher range of the economic coercion trait. The Economic Coercion Scale 36 (ECS-36) should be validated elsewhere and over time. It may be added to violence-specific surveys and evaluations of violence-prevention and economic-empowerment programs that have a primary interest measuring economic coercion. Short-form versions of the ECS may be developed for multipurpose surveys and program monitoring.

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Factors associated with recent intimate partner violence experience amongst currently married women in Afghanistan and health impacts of IPV: a cross sectional study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-018-5507-5 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Andrew Gibbs ◽

Julienne Corboz ◽

Rachel Jewkes

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Married Women ◽

Health Impacts ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated

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Socioeconomic Factors and Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence among Ever-Married Women in Uganda: Pathways and Actions for Multicomponent Violence Prevention Strategies

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/08862605211021976 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052110219

Author(s):

Moses Okumu ◽

Evalyne Orwenyo ◽

Thabani Nyoni ◽

Cecilia Mengo ◽

Jordan J. Steiner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Sexual Violence ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Married Women ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Reference Category

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a severe public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with harmful effects on the physical, psychological, and socioeconomic wellbeing of survivors and their families. In SSA, IPV is associated with mental health disorders, high-risk behaviors, and HIV vulnerability, especially among women. In Uganda, poor socioeconomic status increases women’s vulnerability to IPV. Yet there is limited evidence on the association between socioeconomic factors and IPV severity in Uganda. Our study used population-based data to (a) establish different patterns describing the severity of IPV experiences, (b) explore associations between socioeconomic factors and severity of IPV experiences among Ugandan ever-married women, and (c) examine direct and indirect pathways from socioeconomic factors to severity of IPV experiences. Data were drawn from the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey’s sample of 7,536 ever-married women aged 15–49 years. A latent class analysis examined distinct patterns of IPV severity among this sample, yielding a four-class solution: low violence ( n = 5,059; 67.1%); high physical violence, low sexual violence ( n = 1,501; 19.9%); high sexual violence, moderate physical violence ( n = 535; 7.1%); and high sexual and severe physical violence ( n = 441; 5.9%). Using the low violence group as the reference category, we conducted a multinomial logistic regression that found significant associations between secondary education (a OR 2.35, 95% CI: [1.06, 5.24]), poorest on the wealth index (a OR 2.00, 95% CI: [1.13, 3.54]), and severe IPV experiences. Decision-making (a OR 0.81, 95% CI: [0.68, 0.96]) played a protective role against membership in the high sexual and physical violence class compared to the reference category. Using path analysis, we found that labor force participation partially mediated the path from wealth index and education to IPV severity. Findings indicate the need for interventions that aim to keep girls in school and target schools, communities, and media platforms to address gender norms, economic vulnerability, and comprehensive screening for multiple forms of violence.

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Prevalence of Emotional and Physical Intimate Partner Violence Among Married Women in Pakistan

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260518796523 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 088626051879652 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Meesha Iqbal ◽

Zafar Fatmi

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Married Women ◽

Physical Intimate Partner Violence

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Situation of Intimate Partner Violence among University Female Students in Nepal: Findings of a Cross-Sectional Survey

Bodhi An Interdisciplinary Journal ◽

10.3126/bodhi.v7i0.27913 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 201-226

Author(s):

Bhagabati Sedain

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Female Students ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Level Of Education ◽

University Level ◽

Forms Of Violence

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is one of the most common forms of violence in our society. Intimate partner violence among Nepali female university students, in particular, has not yet been studied. Therefore, across-sectional survey was conducted among female students studying in bachelors and masters level at Padmakanya Campus using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. A total of 370 participants were randomly selected and data were collected from the 1 December 2013 to 30 January 2014. One-thirds of the respondents were married. Married participants reported about their violence experience perpetrated by their husbands. The prevalence of emotional violence 40% was higher than physical 33% and sexual violence 20%. Women with landownership, employed, members of community groups and those who were married to husbands with the higher level of education were less likely to experience physical violence. Women who did not own land (OR=2.92), unemployed (OR=1.21) were more likely to experience violence than those who owned land and were employed. Similarly, lower level of husband's education (OR=3.35) and unskilled jobs (OR=1.56) were associated with the higher occurrence of violence compared to their husbands having university level of education and government job or working abroad. Prevalence of IPV is common among educated girls. Efforts to reduce IPV should give priority for educated women in Nepal.

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