VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS OF A LOW-TEMPERATURE BASIDIOMYCETE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1347-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. B. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Shake Culture ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Absolute Requirement ◽  
Vitamin Requirements

The vitamin requirements of an unidentified basidiomycete, the cause of severe snow mold of grasses and legumes in Western Canada, have been determined in shake culture. In a medium composed of D-glucose, L-asparagine, and mineral salts, a mixture of several vitamins supported optimum growth, but an absolute requirement was demonstrated only for thiamine. Pyridoxine stimulated growth in the presence of thiamine. The optimum concentration of thiamine was 50 μg per liter and below this level growth was proportional to concentration. Pyridoxine was effective in the range 50–100 μg per liter in the presence of 50 μg per liter of thiamine. The requirement for thiamine could be satisfied by a mixture of equivalent amounts of thiazole and pyrimidine but not by either alone.

Growth and respiration of psychrophilic species of the genus Typhula

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosamund A. Dejardin ◽  
E. W. B. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Respiratory Physiology ◽  
Shake Culture ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Lag Period ◽  
Pentose Sugars ◽  
Stimulation Of

Growth of three snow mold fungi, Typhula idahoensis Remsb., T. incarnata Lasch ex Fr., and T. trifolii Rostr., was studied in agar and liquid culture. T. idahoensis was grown successfully in shake culture and its respiratory physiology investigated; some of the attendant problems are discussed.All three fungi were highly psychrophilic. The optimum temperatures for growth were 5–10 °C, the maximum about 20 °C and the minimum around −5 °C. Sclerotia were produced at all temperatures which permitted growth, but most abundantly at temperatures above 10 °C.Cultures grown at 10 °C ceased to grow on transfer to temperatures above 20 °C but, within limits, growth resumed on return to 10 °C after a lag period approximately proportional to the degree and duration of the temperature elevation.Oxygen uptake by T. idahoensis was optimal at 20 °C, about 15 °C higher than the optimum growth temperature.Respiratory quotients tended to be higher at 20 °C than at 5 °C and after starvation of the mycelium increased to a greater degree at 20 °C on addition of glucose or acetate. Starvation of the mycelium effectively reduced the level of endogenous reserves.The fungus was able to use, to differing degrees, a variety of hexose and pentose sugars as respiratory substrates. The percentage stimulation of the oxygen uptake by these sugars was greater at 20 °C than at 5 °C.

Acremonium boreale n.sp., a sclerotial, low-temperature-tolerant, snow mold antagonist

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (20) ◽  
pp. 2122-2139 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Drew Smith ◽  
John G. N. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Typhula Ishikariensis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Fusarium Nivale

A previously undescribed, sclerotial, low-temperature-tolerant fungus with orange sclerotia, is common on a wide range of plant species and substrates in Western Canada. It is often associated with snow mold complexes. It has also been found in eastern Canada and Norway, indicating a circumpolar distribution. It is described as Acremonium boreale n.sp. Some isolates were antagonistic towards common snow molds, viz. Fusarium nivale, Sclerotica borealis, Typhula ishikariensis var. ishikariensis and var. canadensis, and the nonsclerotial low-temperature basidiomycete in culture at low temperatures. Although it was weakly parasitic towards two grass species, its main ecological importance seems to be as an invasive primary saprophyte on a wide range of substrates. It may play a significant role in determining the nature and intensity of damage in snow mold complexes.

GROUPING OF ISOLATES OF A LOW-TEMPERATURE BASIDIOMYCETE ON THE BASIS OF CULTURAL BEHAVIOR AND PATHOGENICITY

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. B. Ward ◽  
J. B. Lebeau ◽  
M. W. Cormack
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Type A ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Type B ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Cultural Behavior ◽  
Type C ◽  
Ph Range

Isolates of an unidentified low-temperature basidiomycete, associated with snow mold in Western Canada, were divided into three types, A, B, and C, on the basis of their general cultural appearance. Support for this classification was obtained when representative isolates of each type were examined to determine: the effect of temperature and pH on growth; tolerance of antibiotics and HCN; ability to liberate HCN in culture and in the host plant; pathogenicity.Type A isolates grew slowly under most conditions and were least tolerant of the extremes of temperature and pH employed, moderately inhibited by antibiotics, and strongly inhibited by HCN. They produced HCN in large quantities in host plants and none in culture. They were moderately pathogenic on grass and highly pathogenic on alfalfa. Type B isolates grew somewhat more rapidly than type A, especially at the upper and lower temperatures, and grew over a wider pH range. These isolates were more tolerant of antibiotics and HCN. They produced smaller quantities of HCN than type A in infected alfalfa plants but released large amounts in culture. They were less pathogenic than type A on alfalfa but similarly pathogenic on grass. Type C isolates were fast-growing forms which were strongly inhibited by antibiotics and HCN. They did not liberate HCN under any conditions and were not pathogenic.

RHIZOPUS ROOT ROT OF SUGAR BEET

1943 ◽  
Vol 21c (8) ◽  
pp. 235-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Hildebrand ◽  
L. W. Koch
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
Sugar Beets

During the summer of 1942 sugar beets growing in an experimental plot at the Harrow laboratory were destroyed by a root rot of a type that apparently has been reported only once previously on this host in North America. Wilting of the foliage first attracts attention to affected plants, the roots of which show, externally, grayish-brown discoloured areas and, internally, fairly sharply-delimited, grayish to coffee-coloured lesions, affected tissues being more or less spongy in consistency. The causal organism, found to be a wound parasite, has been identified as Rhizopus arrhizus Fischer. The effect of temperature on the growth in culture and on the pathogenicity of this fungus and of representatives of the species, R. oryzae and R. nigricans, has been studied. It has been found that R. arrhizus and R. oryzae are relatively high temperature organisms, showing optimum growth at about 34° to 36 °C., and each capable of infecting and destroying artificially injured sugar beets most rapidly between 30° and 40 °C. R. nigricans, also a wound parasite is, on the other hand, a relatively low temperature organism showing optimum growth in culture at about 24° and displaying highest infection capability at about 14° to 16 °C.

scholarly journals (429)“Artificial Exosperm” Development Using Antistress, Antioxidant Compounds for Promoting and Synchronizing Seedling Emergence at Limiting Low Temperature and Moisture Conditions in Carrot

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1023D-1023
Author(s):  
Rowan Briscoe ◽  
Rajasekaran Lada ◽  
Claude Caldwell ◽  
Kevin Sibley ◽  
Christine Pettipas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Dry Climates ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Producing carrots with optimal root grades is the most critical aspect of carrot production for maximizing profits. Desired root grades can be optimized by maintaining optimal plant population. While precision seeding helps to seed required seeding rate, obtaining optimum seed germination and uniform emergence, especially in mineral soils and under cold and dry climates, have been great challenges to carrot producers around the world. Therefore, stand establishment is critical for optimizing yield and quality in carrots. Experiments were conducted to identify suitable germination and emergence promoters (GEPs) that will promote early and uniform emergence under temperatures of 5 °C and 20 °C and under 20% FC and 40% FC combinations. GEPs, belonging to both natural and synthetic antistress, antioxidant groups of compounds, and mineral salts were used. Carrot seeds of cv. Oranza were used in this study. Seeds were preconditioned with various GEPs, then submerged into laponite RD gel that was used as a potential “artificial exosperm” for carrot seeds. Data on emergence was collected and emergence and vigor value was calculated. Under ideal conditions, that is, at the 20 °C and 40% FC combination, there was no significant difference between treated seeds and untreated control. Germination was delayed at the 5 °C and 20% FC combination. However, seeds preconditioned with GEP-PN1.5%, GEP-LU at 1 mg·L-1, GEP-CA at 10 mg·L-1, GEP-AA at 100 mg·L-1 and GEP-SD at 10 mg·L-1 all promoted emergence resulting in the highest number of seedlings emerged at 5 °C and at 20% FC. Enhanced emergence under low temperature and low moisture may perhaps be due to synthesis of specific proteins.

THE VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS OF CORYNEBACTERIUM SEPEDONICUM (SPIEK. & KOTT.) SKAPT. & BURKH.

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert-A. Lachance
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Free Acid ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Pimelic Acid ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Corynebacterium Sepedonicum ◽  
Casein Hydrolyzate ◽  
Vitamin Requirements

The vitamin requirements of Corynebacterium sepedonicum (Spiek. & Kott.) Skapt. & Burkholder were studied in a medium containing vitamin-free acid casein hydrolyzate, glucose, and mineral salts. Nicotinic acid, thiamine, and biotin were found to be stimulatory. Riboflavin inhibited the growth slightly. Nicotinic acid can be replaced by nicotinamide, but Tween 80 and pimelic acid could not replace biotin.

SNOW MOLD INFECTION OF ALFALFA, GRASSES, AND WINTER WHEAT BY SEVERAL FUNGI UNDER ARTIFICIAL CONDITIONS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Cormack ◽  
J. B. Lebeau
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Saturated Atmosphere ◽  
Alfalfa Varieties ◽  
Highly Virulent

Snow mold infection by an unidentified low-temperature basidiomycete and Typhula spp. developed best under artificial conditions when inoculated plants in pots were incubated for 2 months at 2 °C with 80 to 90% R.H. in the special cabinets described or with other covering. A saturated atmosphere was detrimental to mycelial growth and infection. Freezing temperatures and complete host dormancy were not required but greenhouse-grown plants benefited from prior conditioning for 2 weeks at 2° to 5 °C with light for 8 hours daily. The reactions of alfalfa varieties, creeping red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, red top, timothy, and winter wheat to the low-temperature basidiomycete were similar to those previously observed in the field. T. idahoensis Remsb. caused moderate to severe damage and T. itoana Imai caused slight to moderate damage to the grasses and winter wheat. Typhula sp. from alfalfa was highly virulent to that host. The low-temperature basidiomycete was the only snow mold organism tested that synthesized HCN in culture or in the plant tissues.Sclerolinia borealis Bub. & Vleug. caused slight damage to winter wheat and grasses after 3 months at 2 °C but did not develop well under any of the conditions employed.

Vitamin requirements of the fungal endophytes of Arundina chinensis

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Stephen ◽  
K. K. Fung
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Aminobenzoic Acid ◽  
Vitamin Requirements

The vitamin requirements of two Rhizoctonia fungus endophytes of the orchid Arundina chinensis are reported. Addition of a mixture of nine vitamins to a basal medium supplemented by five amino acids increased the growth of one isolate (R29) but not the other (R14). The inclusion of proline and methionine in the medium inhibited the response of R14 to the vitamins present. Both isolates were partially deficient in, if not completely heterotrophic for, thiamin and p-aminobenzoic acid, and R14 required added biotin for optimum growth under the conditions of the experiment.

NUTRITION AND METABOLISM OF MARINE BACTERIA: VI. QUANTITATIVE REQUIREMENT FOR HALIDES, MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM, AND IRON

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 753-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. MacLeod ◽  
E. Onofrey
Keyword(s):  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Absolute Requirement ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Presence And Absence

A study has been made of the specificity of the requirement of some marine bacteria for halides, magnesium, calcium, and iron and of their quantitative requirements for these ions in the presence and absence of related ions.All of the organisms investigated either required or responded to the addition of Cl− to the medium. Br− could replace Cl− but somewhat less readily, while I− was toxic. For organism B-16, which required the addition of Mg++ but not Ca++ to the medium, the amount of Mg++ required for maximum growth varied with the level of Ca++ present. At low levels, a marked sparing action of Ca++ was evident, while at higher concentrations of Ca++ some antagonism between the ions was detected. Sr++ also spared the Mg++ requirement of this organism. For B-9, which required both Mg++ and Ca++, Mg++ could be shown to spare the need for Ca++.An absolute requirement of one organism for Fe++ was demonstrated. Ni++ and Co++ showed no sparing action and proved to be toxic at a level at which Fe++ produced an optimum growth response.

Effect of freezing resistance and low-temperature stress on development of cottony snow mold (Coprinus psychromorbidus) in winter wheat

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1610-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Gaudet ◽  
T. H. H. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Low Temperature Stress ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Mold Resistance

The relationship between snow mold resistance and freezing resistance was studied under controlled-environment conditions, using winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) cultivars varying in freezing resistance and resistance to cottony snow mold (Coprinus psychromorbidus Redhead & Traquair). Cultivars varying in freezing resistance were equally susceptible to C. psychromorbidus. There existed a negative relationship between snow mold resistance and freezing resistance. Sublethal, subzero freezing temperatures between −3 and −12 °C predisposed the winter wheat cultivar 'Winalta' to increased damage by C. psychromorbidus. A synergistic effect resulting in increased mortality was observed when winter wheat plants received a combination of low-temperature stress and inoculation with C. psychromorbidus. In hardened winter wheat plants, sublethal levels of snow mold damage following 6 weeks incubation with C. psychromorbidus resulted in a reduction in freezing resistance or LT50 (50% killing temperature) of approximately 7 °C compared with the noninoculated controls. The possible role of low-temperature stress on the susceptibility of winter wheats to C. psychromorbidus and of snow mold infection on the retention of freezing resistance in winter wheats during winter in the central and northern Canadian prairies is discussed.

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