No long-term effect of intracoelomic acoustic transmitter implantation on survival, growth, and body condition of a long-lived stenotherm in the wild

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin A. G. Hubbard ◽  
Brendan E. Hickie ◽  
Jeff Bowman ◽  
Lee E. Hrenchuk ◽  
Paul J. Blanchfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Acoustic Transmitter ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Surgical Implantation ◽  
Fish Survival

A fundamental assumption of biotelemetry studies is that there are no adverse consequences from the surgical implantation or presence of the acoustic transmitter. In fisheries, most studies have evaluated this assumption over only short time periods (<2 y) in a laboratory setting. Here we compared the survival, growth, and body condition of populations of Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in three lakes containing tagged and untagged individuals over a 12-year period (2002-2013). We found no significant negative effects of acoustic telemetry tagging on the long-term survival of fish (estimates of combined annual survival ranged from 67% to 91%), and no negative effect of surgical implantation on growth or body condition for fish of either sex. Additionally, we found no significant effect of transmitter:fish mass ratio on fish survival, growth (with the exception of smaller-bodied fish in one lake), or condition. All implanted fish received tags weighing <1.25% of their mass (in water), indicating that this criterion is desirable for larger-bodied adult Lake Trout. Our findings support the assumption that long-lived fish species tagged with acoustic transmitters via intracoelomic surgery survive, grow, and maintain body condition similar to un-tagged conspecifics over the long-term in the wild.

scholarly journals Long-term subjective memory after electroconvulsive therapy

BJPsych Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Sigström ◽  
Axel Nordenskjöld ◽  
Anders Juréus ◽  
Caitlin Clements ◽  
Erik Joas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Subjective Memory ◽  
Subjective Memory Impairment ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Negative Expectations

Background There have been reports of long-term subjective memory worsening after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Aims To study the prevalence and risk factors of long-term subjective memory worsening among patients receiving ECT in routine clinical practice. Method Patients (n = 535, of whom 277 were included in the final analysis) were recruited from eight Swedish hospitals. Participants' subjective memory impairment was assessed before ECT and a median of 73 days after ECT using the memory item from the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale. Participants also rated their pre-ECT expectations and post-ECT evaluations of the effect of ECT on memory on a 7-point scale. We used ordinal regression to identify variables associated with subjective memory worsening and negative evaluations of the effect of ECT on memory. Results Comparisons of pre- and post-ECT assessments showed that subjective memory worsened in 16.2% of participants, remained unchanged in 52.3% and improved in 31.4%. By contrast, when asked to evaluate the effect of ECT on memory after treatment 54.6% reported a negative effect. Subjective memory worsening was associated with negative expectations before ECT, younger age and shorter duration of follow-up. Conclusions Although subjective memory improved more often than it worsened when assessed before and after ECT, a majority of patients reported that ECT had negative effects on their memory when retrospectively asked how ECT had affected it. This might suggest that some patients attribute pre-existing subjective memory impairment to ECT. Clinicians should be aware that negative expectations are associated with subjective worsening of memory after ECT.

scholarly journals Effects of exposure of honey bee colonies to neonicotinoid seed–treated maize crops

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Pohorecka ◽  
Piotr Skubida ◽  
Piotr Semkiw ◽  
Artur Miszczak ◽  
Dariusz Teper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Pollen Loads ◽  
Modified Quechers ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Bee Colonies

Abstract The effects to honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera L.) during and after exposure to flowering maize (Zea mays L.), grown from seeds coated with clothianidin and imidacloprid was assessed in field-realistic conditions. The experimental maize crops were adjacent to the other flowering agriculture plants. Honey bee colonies were placed in three differently protected maize fields throughout the blooming period, and thereafter they were transferred to a stationary apiary. Samples of pollen loads, bee bread, and adult bees were collected and analyzed for neonicotinoid residues. To ensure high specificity and sensitivity of detection of the analyzed pesticides, a modified QuEChERS extraction method and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry were used. Clothianidin was detected only in the samples of pollen loads. Their residue levels ranged from 10.0 to 41.0 ng/g (average 27.0 ng/g). Imidacloprid was found in no investigated sample. No negative effects of neonicotinoid seed-treated maize on the development and long-term survival of honey bee colonies were observed. The low proportion of Zea mays pollen in total bee-collected pollen during the maize flowering period was noted. The findings suggest that maize plants are less attractive forage for honey bees than phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.), buckwheat (Fagopyrum Mill.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), goldenrod (Solidago L.), and vegetation from Brassicaceae family. The results indicate a possibility of reducing the risk of bees being exposed to the toxic effect of insecticidal dusts dispersed during maize sowing by seeding, in the areas surrounding maize crops, plants that bloom later in the year.

Do researchers impact their study populations? Assessing the effect of field procedures in a long term population monitoring of sea kraits

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Fauvel ◽  
François Brischoux ◽  
Marine Jeanne Briand ◽  
Xavier Bonnet
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Head Morphology

Long term population monitoring is essential to ecological studies; however, field procedures may disturb individuals. Assessing this topic is important in worldwide declining taxa such as reptiles. Previous studies focussed on animal welfare issues and examined short-term effects (e.g. increase of stress hormones due to handling). Long-term effects with possible consequences at the population level remain poorly investigated. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of widely used field procedures (e.g. handling, marking, forced regurgitation) both on short-term (hormonal stress response) and on long-term (changes in body condition, survival) scales in two intensively monitored populations of sea kraits (Laticauda spp.) in New Caledonia. Focusing on the most intensively monitored sites, from 2002 to 2012, we gathered approximately 11 200 captures/recaptures on 4500 individuals. Each snake was individually marked (scale clipping + branding) and subjected to various measurements (e.g. body size, head morphology, palpation). In addition, a subsample of more than 500 snakes was forced to regurgitate their prey for dietary analyses. Handling caused a significant stress hormonal response, however we found no detrimental long-term effect on body condition. Forced regurgitation did not cause any significant effect on both body condition one year later and survival. These results suggest that the strong short-term stress provoked by field procedures did not translate into negative effects on the population. Although similar analyses are required to test the validity of our conclusions in other species, our results suggest distinguishing welfare and population issues to evaluate the potential impact of population surveys.

The impact of preoperative dexamethasone on long-term survival following surgery for colorectal cancer.

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 644-644
Author(s):  
Stephen Thomas McSorley ◽  
Bo Khor ◽  
Campbell SD Roxburgh ◽  
Paul G. Horgan ◽  
Donald C McMillan
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Matched Cohort ◽  
Curative Intent ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact

644 Background: Steroids given at the induction of anaesthesia are associated with a reduction in the magnitude of the postoperative systemic inflammatory response and fewer complications following elective surgery for colorectal cancer (McSorley et al. Ann Surg Oncol 2017;24(8):2104-2112). The present study examined their impact on survival. Methods: Patients who underwent elective surgery, with curative intent, for stage I-III colorectal cancer at a single centre between 2008 and 2016 were included. Data on preoperative dexamethasone was obtained from anaesthetic records, and its impact on cancer specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS) assessed using Cox regression in an unmatched (n=556) and a propensity score matched cohort (n=276) (Table 1). Results: After excluding postoperative mortalities (n=3), there were 98 deaths (18%), with 57 (10%) due to cancer. Of those alive at censoring, the median follow up was 47 months (range 16-110). In the unmatched cohort, there was no significant association between dexamethasone and CSS (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.52-1.53, p=0.688) or OS (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.63-1.43, p=0.804). In the propensity score matched cohort, there was no significant association between dexamethasone and CSS (HR 1.18, 95% CI 0.55-2.53, p=0.668) or OS (HR 1.21, 95% CI 0.67-2.17), p=0.532). Conclusions: These results suggest that whilst preoperative steroids are associated with improved short term outcomes following surgery for colorectal cancer, they have no negative effect on long term outcomes. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals The Critically Endangered Myanmar snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus strykeri found in the Salween River Basin, China

Oryx ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Yang ◽  
Ying-Ping Tian ◽  
Chen-Xiang He ◽  
Zhipang Huang ◽  
Shao-Hua Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Transect Sampling ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Disturbed Forest ◽  
Endangered Status ◽  
Salween River

AbstractThe Myanmar snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus strykeri was discovered in 2010 on the western slopes of the Gaoligong Mountains in the Irrawaddy River basin in Myanmar and subsequently in the same river basin in China, in 2011. Based on 2 years of surveying the remote and little disturbed forest of the Gaoligong Mountains National Nature Reserve in China, with outline transect sampling and infrared camera monitoring, a breeding group comprising > 70 individuals was found on the eastern slopes of the Gaoligong Mountains in the Salween River Basin. Given the Critically Endangered status of this primate (a total of < 950 individuals are estimated to remain in the wild), efforts to protect the relatively undisturbed habitat of this newly discovered population and to prevent hunting are essential for the long-term survival of this species.

scholarly journals Not so soft? Delayed release reduces long-term survival in a passerine reintroduction

Oryx ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Richardson ◽  
Isabel C. Castro ◽  
Dianne H. Brunton ◽  
Doug P. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Immediate Release ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival ◽  
Delayed Release ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Radio Transmitters

AbstractReintroduction success depends in part on the release strategy used. Benefits are attributed to particular release strategies but few studies have tested these assumptions. We examined the effect of delayed release (a form of so-called soft release) on the survival of a threatened passerine, the New Zealand hihi Notiomystis cincta, for up to 7 months after translocation. Birds were captured at the source site and then held in captivity for disease screening. They were then taken to the release site, where 30 were released immediately and 28 were held for a further 2–4 days in an on-site aviary. Twenty-four birds were fitted with radio-transmitters. A 1,300 ha area around the release site was searched fortnightly, and survival was analysed using a multi-state model that accounted for the effect of transmitters on detection probability. Our results indicated that delayed release had a negative effect on long-term survival, but no effect was apparent in the first 6 weeks. Survival probability from 6 weeks to 7 months post-release was 0.77 ± SE 0.20 for immediate-release birds and 0.04 ± SE 0.06 for delayed-release birds. Our results suggest that there is a misconception about the benefits of delayed-release strategies during translocation of wild animals. Studies that have demonstrated a benefit of delayed release in other bird species used captive-bred individuals, and we suggest that wild individuals perceive captivity differently. We recommend that biological context is considered before delayed release is used in translocations.

scholarly journals Play in Elephants: Wellbeing, Welfare or Distraction?

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Elizabeth Webber ◽  
Phyllis C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Social Play ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Active Time ◽  
Object Play ◽  
Welfare Indicator ◽  
Potential Indicator ◽  
In The Wild

We explore elephant play behaviour since (a) play has been proposed to represent a potential welfare indicator; and (b) play has been associated with long-term survival in the wild. We categorised play into four types, and investigate both social (gentle, escalated-contact) and non-social (lone-locomotor, exploratory-object) play from observations made on wild (Asian N = 101; African N = 130) and captive (Asian N = 8; African N = 7) elephant calves ranging in age from birth to five years. Social play was the most frequent type of play among immature elephants, accounting for an average of 3%–9% of active time. Non-social play accounted for an additional 1%–11% of time. The most time spent in play was seen in captive Asian calves, particularly at the ages of 1–6 months, while wild African calves spent the least time in play overall, even though they had the greatest number and most diverse range of play partners available. We assessed calf energetics using time spent suckling, resting, moving and independent feeding. Time spent playing was unrelated to time spent suckling but negatively associated with time spent independently feeding. There were no associations with time spent moving or resting. Maternal energy via lactation was unrelated to play early in life, but energy acquired independently may constrain or enable play. Play, while a potential indicator of compromised welfare for many species when absent, can act as a highly stimulating activity for captive elephants in the absence of other forms of arousal.

Human Embryonic Retinal Cell Transplants in Athymic Immunodeficient Rat Hosts

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 461-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Aramant ◽  
Magdalene J. Seiler
Keyword(s):  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Retinal Cells ◽  
Mhc Ii ◽  
Nude Rats ◽  
Additional Cell

This study investigates the possibility to use the athymic “nude” rat as a host for the transplantation of human embryonic retinal cells without immunosuppression. The long-term development of such transplants is compared with results from our earlier study that used immunosuppressed rats, and showed transplant immunoreactivity for S-antigen. Several additional cell markers have been included: rhodopsin, rod (α-transducin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), synaptophysin (SYN), cone-specific opsins, vimentin, cellular retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), rat major histocompatibility antigen class II (MHC-II) and a rat macrophage marker (Ox-42). Human retinal cells (9-13 wk postconception) were transplanted to the eyes of 28 athymic rats. Host rats were kept in microisolator cages for up to 48 wk after surgery. Host immune response and the development of the transplants were studied using histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. When using retinas of donors 9-11 wk postconception, transplants grew to 2-3 mm in diameter with many rosettes, in 31 of 35 eyes. Transplants derived from donors 12-13 wk postconception did not survive as well (8 out of 11 eyes), were smaller and less organized. All transplants fused well with the host retina, better than corresponding transplants to immunosuppressed rat hosts. Most transplants appeared to be healthy, even after long survival times, and only occasionally were MHC-II positive macrophages observed in transplants or host retinas. All retinal layers were observed, except for an inner limiting membrane on the vitreous surface. The oldest transplants (34-57 wk total age = donor age + time after surgery) exhibited well developed photoreceptors, rods and cones, with inner and outer segments. SYN-staining showed the development of inner and outer plexiform layers. Although many cones stained for SYN and NSE, few were immunoreactive for red-green or blue opsin. Most rods became immunoreactive for S-antigen and rhodopsin. Transplant Möller cells stained for vimentin and CRALBP. Immunoreactivity for GFAP developed slowly and was not completely expressed in all transplant Möller cells until 44 wk total age. Nude rats offer an excellent model for the study of human retinal xenografts without the negative effects of immunosuppression. Compared to immunosuppressed rats, transplantation to nude rats gives consistent results and superior long-term survival of hosts and transplants.

Protective Nature of Platelet-Rich Plasma Against Chondrocyte Death When Combined With Corticosteroids or Local Anesthetics

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J.S. Durant ◽  
Corey R. Dwyer ◽  
Mary Beth R. McCarthy ◽  
Mark P. Cote ◽  
James P. Bradley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Anesthetics ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Chondrocyte Proliferation ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Chondrocyte Viability ◽  
Chondrocyte Death ◽  
Negative Effect

Background: The use of corticosteroids and local anesthetics to treat osteoarthritis has established benefits, including relief of pain and increased range of motion, but may also have the potential to lead to tissue atrophy or degeneration, specifically on chondrocytes. There is growing evidence that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has anti-inflammatory characteristics that can limit the cytotoxic effects of corticosteroids and local anesthetics. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of PRP in chondrocyte cultures when combined with corticosteroids or local anesthetics. The hypothesis of this study was that PRP would (1) dampen the negative effects on chondrocyte viability and (2) improve chondrocyte proliferation seen with corticosteroid or local anesthetic treatment alone. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Peripheral blood was obtained from 8 healthy participants, followed by centrifugation to obtain PRP. Human chondrocytes were treated with PRP alone or in combination with corticosteroids or local anesthetics. Saline (concentration of 0.9%) served as the control. Luminescence and radioactive thymidine assays were performed to examine chondrocyte viability and proliferation, respectively. Cell exposures of 0, 5, 10, and 30 minutes were used for viability and 120 hours for proliferation. Results: The presence of PRP significantly limited the negative effect on chondrocyte viability at tested time points for the examined corticosteroids and local anesthetics ( P < .05). PRP in addition to corticosteroids and local anesthetics significantly improved chondrocyte proliferation ( P < .05). Conclusion: The addition of PRP can significantly reduce the cytotoxic effects of corticosteroids and/or local anesthetics applied to chondrocytes. PRP can improve the proliferation of chondrocytes compared with corticosteroids or local anesthetics alone. Clinical Relevance: With the use of corticosteroids and local anesthetics for temporary symptomatic relief and improvement of function to treat the chronic progressive nature of osteoarthritis, long-term negative effects of these agents can be limited with the parallel use of PRP.

scholarly journals Telomere dynamics rather than age predict life expectancy in the wild

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1662) ◽  
pp. 1679-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Bize ◽  
François Criscuolo ◽  
Neil B Metcalfe ◽  
Lubna Nasir ◽  
Pat Monaghan
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Telomere Length ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Telomere Dynamics

Despite accumulating evidence from in vitro studies that cellular senescence is linked to telomere dynamics, how this relates to whole-organism senescence and longevity is poorly understood and controversial. Using data on telomere length in red blood cells and long-term survival from wild Alpine swifts of a range of ages, we report that the telomere length and the rate of telomere loss are predictive of life expectancy, and that slow erosion of relatively long telomeres is associated with the highest survival probabilities. Importantly, because telomere dynamics, rather than chronological age, predict life expectancy, our study provides good evidence for a mechanistic link between telomere erosion and reduced organism longevity under natural conditions, chronological age itself possibly not becoming a significant predictor until very old ages beyond those in our sample.

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