Beech bark disease: spatial patterns of thicket formation and disease spread in an aftermath forest in the northeastern United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 1042-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Giencke ◽  
Martin Dovčiak ◽  
Giorgos Mountrakis ◽  
Jonathan A. Cale ◽  
Myron J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Point Pattern Analysis ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Point Pattern ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
Northern Hardwood

Beech bark disease (BBD) has affected the composition, structure, and function of forests containing a significant proportion of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) across North America. BBD spread has been investigated at landscape and regional scales, but few studies have examined spatial patterns of disease severity and spread within stands where forest management mitigation measures can be implemented. We analyzed changes in forest composition between 1985 and 2009 and fine-scale spatial patterns of BBD between 2000 and 2009 in a ∼2 ha northern hardwood stand in the Adirondack Mountains of New York using location and disease severity of beech trees. A bivariate point pattern analysis was implemented to examine spatial patterns of beech thicket formation and BBD spread to beech saplings. Abundance of beech saplings increased near highly diseased canopy beech trees and around dead beech and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Disease severity of beech saplings was highest in close proximity to highly cankered canopy beech trees. Thus, BBD leads to the formation of beech thickets, and thickets are often located where saplings are most likely to become infected, increasing the likelihood that secondary killing fronts will develop and lead to heavy BBD-induced mortality in aftermath northern hardwood forests of North America.

scholarly journals Spatial point-pattern analysis as a powerful tool in identifying pattern-process relationships in plant ecology: an updated review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariem Ben-Said
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Plant Ecology ◽  
Point Pattern Analysis ◽  
Point Pattern ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Spatial Point Pattern ◽  
Spatial Point ◽  
Spatial Point Pattern Analysis

Abstract Background Ecological processes such as seedling establishment, biotic interactions, and mortality can leave footprints on species spatial structure that can be detectable through spatial point-pattern analysis (SPPA). Being widely used in plant ecology, SPPA is increasingly carried out to describe biotic interactions and interpret pattern-process relationships. However, some aspects are still subjected to a non-negligible debate such as required sample size (in terms of the number of points and plot area), the link between the low number of points and frequently observed random (or independent) patterns, and relating patterns to processes. In this paper, an overview of SPPA is given based on rich and updated literature providing guidance for ecologists (especially beginners) on summary statistics, uni-/bi-/multivariate analysis, unmarked/marked analysis, types of marks, etc. Some ambiguities in SPPA are also discussed. Results SPPA has a long history in plant ecology and is based on a large set of summary statistics aiming to describe species spatial patterns. Several mechanisms known to be responsible for species spatial patterns are actually investigated in different biomes and for different species. Natural processes, plant environmental conditions, and human intervention are interrelated and are key drivers of plant spatial distribution. In spite of being not recommended, small sample sizes are more common in SPPA. In some areas, periodic forest inventories and permanent plots are scarce although they are key tools for spatial data availability and plant dynamic monitoring. Conclusion The spatial position of plants is an interesting source of information that helps to make hypotheses about processes responsible for plant spatial structures. Despite the continuous progress of SPPA, some ambiguities require further clarifications.

scholarly journals Spatial point pattern analysis of urban retail stores: the case of twelve large- and medium-sized Greek cities

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 36-63
Author(s):  
Michail-Christos TSOUTSOS ◽  
◽  
Yorgos Photis
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Point Pattern Analysis ◽  
Point Pattern ◽  
Retail Stores ◽  
High Population Density ◽  
Spatial Point Pattern ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Spatial Point ◽  
Spatial Point Pattern Analysis

The retailers’ profitability and the consumers’ satisfaction depend on finding the optimal location for a retail store. When considering the stores’ spatial distribution, business potential can be understood and a squandering planning of resources can be avoided. In this paper we identify the spatial patterns of retail stores located in the traditional commercial centers of twelve large -and medium-sized Greek cities, aiming to explain why such patterns exist. The type of retail activities was determined using the image of the ground-floor stores provided by the Google Street View (GSV) service and thus 7322 stores were recorded in a geodatabase as point features. The results reveal that the retail stores’ distribution has a clustered and random spatial pattern at least in one city, where the high population density and the increase in rental prices of premises for professional activities constitute the factors that form these spatial patterns respectively.

Carbon cycling along a gradient of beech bark disease impact in the Catskill Mountains, New York

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1267-1274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica E. Hancock ◽  
Mary A. Arthur ◽  
Kathleen C. Weathers ◽  
Gary M. Lovett
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Forest Structure ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Catskill Mountains ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
Aboveground Net Primary Production ◽  
Northern Hardwood

Exotic pests and pathogens, through direct and indirect effects on forest structure and species composition, have the potential to significantly alter forest ecosystem processes, including C cycling. Throughout the northern hardwood forest, beech bark disease (BBD) is causing widespread disruption in forest structure and composition. In the Catskill Mountains of New York, some forests formerly codominated by American beech ( Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) and sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.) are shifting to sugar maple dominance. The effects of BBD and a subsequent shift in species composition on annual aboveground net primary production and soil CO2 efflux were examined in eight forest plots selected to represent a gradient of BBD impact. There were no significant trends in aboveground net primary production across this gradient. However, growing season soil CO2 efflux decreased linearly along the BBD gradient, declining by 40%. Although the mechanism controlling this decline is uncertain, the decrease in soil CO2 efflux with BBD impact and a shift to greater composition of sugar maple in litterfall could significantly alter C cycling in northern hardwood stands in the Catskill Mountains.

Point pattern analysis based on different null models for detecting spatial patterns

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
Wang Xinting ◽  
Hou Yali ◽  
Liang Cunzhu ◽  
Wang Wei ◽  
Liu Fang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Null Models ◽  
Point Pattern Analysis ◽  
Point Pattern

scholarly journals Spatial patterns and associations of tree species at different developmental stages in a montane secondary temperate forest of northeastern China

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11517
Author(s):  
Jia Liu ◽  
Xuejiao Bai ◽  
You Yin ◽  
Wenguang Wang ◽  
Zhiqiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Habitat Heterogeneity ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
Point Pattern Analysis ◽  
Point Pattern ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Neighborhood Competition

Background Secondary forests have become the major forest type worldwide. Research on spatial patterns and associations of tree species at different developmental stages may be informative in understanding the structure and dynamic processes of secondary forests. Methods In this study, we used point pattern analysis to analyze the spatial patterns and associations of tree species at seedling, sapling and adult stages in a 4ha plot in the montane secondary temperate forest of northeastern China. Results We found that species showed similar patterns at seedling, sapling and adult stages, and aggregation was the dominant pattern. The spatial patterns of tree species were mainly affected by habitat heterogeneity. In addition, the strength of positive or negative associated pattern among tree species would decrease with developmental stages, which attributed to neighborhood competition and plant size increasing. Conclusions Our results indicated that the spatial patterns and associations of tree species at seedling and sapling stages partly reflected that at adult stage; habitat heterogeneity and neighborhood competition jointly contributed to species coexistence in this secondary forest.

Silvicultural Management of Beech and the Beech Bark Disease

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Ostrofsky ◽  
Maxwell L. McCormack
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Wood Harvesting ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Silvicultural Management ◽  
Paper Birch

Abstract Herbicides were used to control dense, advance reproduction of American beech and sprouting from roots and stumps of harvested beech in a northern hardwood stand in eastern Maine. Beech comprised 51% of the overstory basal area and was highly defective as a result of the beech bark disease. Beech saplings accounted for 80% of the advance reproduction. The herbicides glyphosate (Roundup®) or triclopyr (Garlon 3A®), applied using a backpack mist blower, were effective in reducing advance reproduction of beech by 100% and 93%, respectively. When applied in frills on larger beech six weeks prior to harvesting, glyphosate reduced the number of sprouts, two growing seasons after treatment, by 85%; triclopyr by 87%. Beech individuals believed to be resistant to infestation by the beech scale were left as a component of the residual overstory, along with sugar maple, red maple, yellow birch, and paper birch. The two-stage application of herbicides followed by shelter-wood harvesting is a strategy for managing stands dominated by defective beech. North. J. Appl. For. 3:89-91, Sept. 1986.

Ecological benefits and risks arising from liming sugar maple dominated forests in northeastern North America

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-David Moore ◽  
Rock Ouimet ◽  
Robert P. Long ◽  
Paul. A. Bukaveckas
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ecological Benefits ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forests ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Carbonate Materials

Liming, the application of carbonate materials (e.g., CaCO3, CaMg(CO3)2) to soils and surface waters, has been used extensively in Europe, and to a lesser extent in Canada and the United States, to mitigate the effects of acid deposition on forest and aquatic ecosystems. This literature review was conducted to assess the effects of liming on ecologically and economically important sugar maple dominated ecosystems of northeastern North America, where it is increasingly used to treat sugar maple dieback. Potential direct and indirect effects were considered to determine whether the use of liming to revitalize these forests could negatively affect other ecological parameters, including those in adjacent aquatic habitats. Based on current scientific literature, it is not anticipated that liming at rates of 1–3 t ha−1 would have major detrimental effects on these ecosystems. However, liming could have negative effects on northern hardwood forests with regard to earthworm invasions. The choice of liming as a mitigation tool should be made not only after weighing the potentially negative effects against the benefits of restoring sugar maple dominated stands in poorly buffered soils, but also after considering ecological components that could be lost or never recovered if an acidified forest ecosystem is not limed.

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