Biochemical data bearing on the origin of the B genome in the polyploid wheats

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kerby ◽  
J. Kuspira ◽  
B. L. Jones ◽  
G. L. Lookhart
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
B Chromosome ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Aegilops Speltoides ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Aegilops Longissima ◽  
Aegilops Sharonensis ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Genome Donors

For many years each of the species Aegilops bicornis, Aegilops longissima, Aegilops searsii, Aegilops sharonensis, Aegilops speltoides, and Triticum urartu has been implicated as the donor of the B genome in the polyploid wheats. Biochemical and cytological data have revealed that T. urartu possesses a genome similar to that of T. monococcum, and therefore it may be the source of the A genome in T. turgidum and T. aestivum. This revelation therefore excludes T. urartu from the list of putative B-genome donors. To determine which of the remaining species is the source of the B chromosome set, the amino acid sequences of their purothionins were compared with that of the α1 purothionin coded for by the Pur-1B gene on chromosome 1 in the B genome of T. turgidum and T. aestivum. The residue sequences of this protein from Ae. bicornis, Ae. longissima, Ae. searsii, Ae. sharonensis, and Ae. speltoides differed by 1, 6, 1, 1, and 2 amino acid substitutions, respectively, from the α1 protein. These results suggest that either Ae. bicornis, Ae. searsii, or Ae. sharonensis was the most likely donor of the B genome. If the B genome in the polyploid wheats is monophyletic in origin, the collective findings of this and other investigations indicate that Ae. searsii is the most likely donor. The possibility that the B genome in the polyploid wheats could have a polyphyletic origin is also discussed.Key words: polyploid wheats, putative B-genome donors, purothionins, monophyletic, polyphyletic.

The phylogeny of the polyploid wheats Triticum aestivum (bread wheat) and Triticum turgidum (macaroni wheat)

Genome ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 722-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kerby ◽  
J. Kuspira
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Triticum Monococcum ◽  
Aegilops Speltoides ◽  
Triticum Urartu ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Aegilops Longissima ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Genome Donors

The phylogeny of the polyploid wheats has been the subject of intense research and speculation during the past 70 years. Various experimental approaches have been employed to ascertain the diploid progenitors of these wheats. The species having donated the D genome to Triticum aestivum has been unequivocally identified as Aegilops squarrosa. On the basis of evidence from many studies, Triticum monococcum has been implicated as the source of the A genome in both Triticum turgidum and Triticum aestivum. However, numerous studies since 1968 have shown that Triticum urartu is very closely related to Triticum monococcum and that it also carries the A genome. These studies have prompted the speculation that Triticum urartu may be the donor of this chromosome set to the polyploid wheats. The donor of the B genome to Triticum turgidum and Triticum aestivum remains equivocal and controversial. Six different diploid species have been implicated as putative B genome donors: Aegilops bicornis, Aegilops longissima, Aegilops searsii, Aegilops sharonensis, Aegilops speltoides, and Triticum urartu. Until recently, evidence presented by different researchers had not permitted an unequivocal identification of the progenitor of the B genome in polyploid wheats. Recent studies, involving all diploid and polyploid wheats and putative B genome donors, lead to the conclusion that Aegilops speltoides and Triticum urartu can be excluded as B genome donors and that Aegilops searsii is the most likely source of this chromosome set. The possibility of the B genome having arisen from an AAAA autotetraploid or having a polyphyletic origin is discussed. Key words: phylogeny; Triticum aestivum; Triticum turgidum; A, B, and D genomes.

Biochemical data bearing on the relationship between the genome of Triticum urartu and the A and B genomes of the polyploid wheats

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kerby ◽  
J. Kuspira ◽  
B. L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Triticum Monococcum ◽  
Triticum Urartu ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Genome Donor ◽  
A Genome ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Donor Species

To determine whether the Triticum urartu genome is more closely related to the A or B genome of the polyploid wheats, the amino acid sequence of its purothionin was compared to the amino acid sequences of the purothionins in Triticum monococcum, Triticum turgidum, and Triticum aestivum. The residue sequence of the purothionin from T. urartu differs by five and six amino acid substitutions respectively from the α1 and α2 forms coded for by genes in the B and D genomes, and is identical to the β form specified by a gene in the A genome. Therefore, the T. urartu purothionin is either coded by a gene in the A genome or a chromosome set highly homologous to it. The results demonstrate that at least a portion of the T. urartu and T. monococcum genomes is homologous and probably identical. A variety of other studies have also shown that T. urartu is very closely related to T. monococcum and, in all likelihood, also possesses the A genome. Therefore, it could be argued that either T. urartu and T. monococcum are the same species or that T. urartu rather than T. monococcum is the source of the A genome in T. turgidum and T. aestivum. Except for Johnson's results, our data and that of others suggest a revised origin of polyploid wheats. Specifically, the list of six putative B genome donor species is reduced to five, all members of the Sitopsis section of the genus Aegilops.Key words: Triticum monococcum, Triticum urartu, polyploid wheats, genomes A and B, purothionins.

Characterization of six wheat × Thinopyrum intermedium derivatives by GISH, RFLP, and multicolor GISH

Genome ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
F P Han ◽  
G Fedak ◽  
A Benabdelmouna ◽  
K Armstrong ◽  
T Ouellet
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Aegilops Tauschii ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Aegilops Speltoides ◽  
Thinopyrum Intermedium ◽  
B Genome ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Genetic Stocks ◽  
Disomic Addition Lines ◽  
Thinopyrum Elongatum

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and multicolor genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) are useful tools to precisely characterize genetic stocks derived from crosses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) with Thinopyrum intermedium and Thinopyrum elongatum. The wheat × Th. intermedium derived stocks designated Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5, and Z6 were initially screened by multicolor GISH using Aegilops speltoides genomic DNA for blocking and various combinations of genomic DNA from Th. intermedium, Triticum urartu, and Aegilops tauschii for probes. The probing (GISH) results indicated that lines Z1 and Z3 were alien disomic addition lines with chromosome numbers of 2n = 44. Z2 was a substitution line in which chromosome 2D was substituted by a pair of Th. intermedium chromosomes; this was confirmed by RFLP and muticolour GISH. Z4 (2n = 44) contained two pairs of wheat – Th. intermedium translocated chromosomes; one pair involved A-genome chromosomes, the other involved D- and A-genome chromosomes. Z5 (2n = 44) contained one pair of wheat – Th. intermedium translocated chromosomes involving the D- and A-genome chromosomes of wheat. Z6 (2n = 44) contained one pair of chromosomes derived from Th. intermedium plus another pair of translocated chromosomes involving B-genome chromosomes of wheat. Line Z2 was of special interest because it has some resistance to infection by Fusarium graminearum.Key words: wheat, Thinopyrum intermedium, addition, substitution, and translocation lines, GISH, multicolor GISH, RFLP.

scholarly journals Aegilops sharonensis: Origin, genetics, diversity, and potential for wheat improvement

Botany ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (8) ◽  
pp. 740-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo D. Olivera ◽  
Brian J. Steffenson
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Intensification ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Wheat Diseases ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Diverse Species ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Aegilops Sharonensis ◽  
Variable Environments ◽  
A Genome

Aegilops sharonensis  Eig (Sharon goatgrass; section Sitopsis) is an annual diploid grass species growing endemically in the coastal plains of Israel and southern Lebanon. It is a wild relative of wheat, with a genome closely related to the B genome of cultivated bread wheat. With the most limited distribution of any species in the genus Aegilops, Ae. sharonensis is rapidly losing its habitats, owing to the combined effects of modern agricultural intensification and expansion of urban and industrial areas. Aegilops sharonensis is known to be a rich source of genes providing resistance to important wheat diseases and abiotic stresses, but it has not been widely exploited. The presence of gametocidal genes that control preferential transmission of chromosome 4Ssh increases the difficulty of introgressing genes from Ae. sharonensis into wheat. However, successful introgression of the genes for resistance to leaf rust, stripe rust, and powdery mildew has been achieved. Studies on genetic and phenotypic diversity indicated that Ae. sharonensis is a highly diverse species, comparable with others that have a wider geographic distribution and more variable environments. Targeting the regions and sites with the highest diversity in Ae. sharonensis will facilitate the capture of the greatest variability and also the identification of novel and diverse genes for wheat improvement.

Characterization of genomes of timothy (Phleum pratense L.). I. Karyotypes and C-banding patterns in cultivated timothy and two wild relatives

Genome ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Cai ◽  
M. R. Bullen
Keyword(s):  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding ◽  
B Genome ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Genome Donors ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

In an attempt to know the phylogeny of timothy (Phleum pratense), the cultivated species and two wild relatives, Phleum alpinum and Phleum bertolonii, were karyotyped with conventional and Giemsa C-banding methods. In the hexaploid P. pratense (2n = 6x = 42), two sets of seven chromosomes were indistinguishable from each other both in morphology and in banding patterns and the third set of seven was found to be differentiated from them. Two genomes, A and B, were tentatively established. The banded karyotype in diploid P. alpinum (2n = 2x = 14) was close to the A genome, which was tetraploid in P. pratense, and the karyotype in P. bertolonii (2n = 2x = 14) was analogous to the B genome in P. pratense, which suggests these species were the genome donors of P. pratense.Key words: chromosome, genome, allopolyploid, Giemsa C-banding.

Phylogenetic analysis of C, M, N, and U genomes and their relationships with Triticum and other related genomes as revealed by LMW-GS genes at Glu-3 loci

Genome ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunli Wang ◽  
Xiaohui Li ◽  
Ke Wang ◽  
Xiaozheng Wang ◽  
Shanshan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Aegilops Tauschii ◽  
Cysteine Residue ◽  
Aegilops Speltoides ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
D Genome ◽  
B Genome ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Study Support

Phylogenetic relationships between the C, U, N, and M genomes of Aegilops species and the genomes of common wheat and other related species were investigated by using three types of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) genes at Glu-3 loci. A total of 20 LMW-GS genes from Aegilops and Triticum species were isolated, including 11 LMW-m type and 9 LMW-i type genes. Particularly, four LMW-m type and three LMW-i type subunits encoded by the genes on the C, N, and U genomes possessed an extra cysteine residue at conserved positions, which could provide useful information for understanding phylogenetic relationships among Aegilops and Triticum genomes. Phylogenetic trees constructed by using either LMW-i or the combination of LMW-m and LMW-s, as well as analysis of all the three types of LMW-GS genes together, demonstrated that the C and U genomes were closely related to the A genome, whereas the N and M genomes were closely related to the D genome. Our results support previous findings that the A genome was derived from Triticum uratu, the B genome was from Aegilops speltoides, and the D genome was from Aegilops tauschii. In addition, phylogenetic relationships among different genomes analysed in this study support the concept that Aegilops is not monophyletic.

scholarly journals Chromosome banding patterns and the origin of the B genome in wheat

1974 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Natarajan ◽  
N. P. Sarma
Keyword(s):  
Hexaploid Wheat ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Aegilops Speltoides ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Genome Donors

SUMMARYThe distribution of heterochromatic regions in the chromosomes of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheat shows that the B genome possesses characteristic large blocks. Though analyses of probable B genome donors indicate that Aegilops speltoides has a pattern of distribution of heterochromatin nearest to the B genome chromosomes, a polyphyletic origin of tetraploid wheat seems more plausible.

Structure and function of human histamine N-methyltransferase: critical enzyme in histamine metabolism in airway

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (3) ◽  
pp. L342-L349 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Yamauchi ◽  
K. Sekizawa ◽  
H. Suzuki ◽  
H. Nakazawa ◽  
Y. Ohkawara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cdna Probe ◽  
Human Kidney ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Airway Response ◽  
Human Trachea ◽  
Relative Molecular Weight ◽  
And Function

In mammals, histamine is inactivated principally by two enzymes: histamine N-methyltransferase (HMT; EC 2.1.1.8) and diamine oxidase (DAO; EC 1.4.3.6.). The cDNA clone of human HMT (hHMT) has been isolated from a cDNA library of human kidney and its nucleotide, and deduced amino acid sequences have been determined. One clone, phHMT-1, containing an insert of 1.4 kb, was confirmed to encode HMT by transient expression of HMT activity in COS cells. hHMT consists of 292 amino acid residues [relative molecular weight (M(r)) = 33,279] and shares 82% identity with that of rat HMT. Northern blot analysis with hHMT cDNA probe revealed that 1.6-kb HMT mRNA transcript was expressed in the lung, nasal polyps, and kidney. HMT activity was measured in human trachea and bronchi. In addition, the contractile response of isolated human bronchi to histamine was potentiated in the presence of an HMT inhibitor, SKF 91488, but a DAO inhibitor, aminoguanidine, was without effect. These results suggest that HMT plays an important role in degrading histamine and in regulating the airway response to histamine. Therefore, the level of HMT gene expression in human airway may be one of the critical factors determining the airway responsiveness to histamine. In situ chromosomal hybridization demonstrated that human HMT gene was localized in chromosome 1 p32.

Genetic Engineering of Chromobacterium Vaccinii DSM 25150 for Improved Production of FR900359

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Pistorius ◽  
Kathrin Buntin ◽  
Caroline Bouquet ◽  
Etienne Richard ◽  
Eric Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Query Sequence ◽  
Genome Mining ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene Cluster ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Sequence Databases

<p></p><p><a></a>The depsipeptide FR900359 has been first described in literature in 1988 (Fujioka <i>et al</i>, 1988) to be isolated from a methanol extract of the whole plant of <i>Ardisia crenata</i>. FR900359 can be isolated from the leaves of <i>A. crenata</i>, but the very low quantities and the complex matrix prevent access to sufficient amounts of FR900359 to enable drug development efforts and potential commercial manufacturing. Almost two decades later, it has been discovered that FR900359 is in fact produced by a strictly obligate bacterial endosymbiont, <i>Candidatus</i> <i>Burkholderia crenata</i>, of the plant <i>Ardisia crenata</i> (Carlier <i>et al</i>, 2016). This study identified also the DNA sequence of the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) of FR900359. In order to identify alternative and scalable methods for production of FR900359, a genome mining effort on bacterial genomes from both public sequence databases and genome sequences generated from internal efforts at Novartis was initiated. Translated amino acid sequences of the FR900359‑BGC from <i>Candidatus B. crenata</i> were used as query sequence. While the query of public sequence databases did not return highly similar sequences, a gene cluster with very high homology in translated amino acid sequence and identical prediction of protein functions was discovered in the genome of <i>Chromobacterium vaccinii</i> DSM 25150, which had been sequenced internally at Novartis. Here we describe the genetic engineering of <i>Chromobacterium vaccinii</i> DSM 25150 resulting in mutants that exhibit improved production of FR900359 and improved characteristics concerning downstream processing and purification.</p><p></p>

PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES IN TRITICINAE STUDIED BY THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Dass
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Aegilops Speltoides ◽  
D Genome ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Genome Donor ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Phylogenetic Affinities ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Thin-layer chromatography was used to assess the phylogenetic affinities in Triticinae. Leaf phenolics of Aegilops speltoides, Ae. bicornis, Ae. squarrosa, Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccoides, T. dicoccum and T. aestivum ssp. spelta were screened on cellulose coated plates. The chromatographic data were analysed statistically and a similarity index (biochemical distance) calculated. This index corresponded most closely with conventional concepts of affinities. T. dicoccoides and T. dicoccum were found to be closer to Ae. bicornis than to Ae. speltoides which suggests that Ae. bicornis is more probably the B genome donor. The contribution of the D genome by Ae. squarrosa was further confirmed. Correlation between the two tetraploids T. dicoccoides and T. dicoccum as well as with T. aestivum was high. Among the Aegilops species studied, Ae. speltoides most closely resembled T. monococcum. Low affinity in terms of the biochemical distance of T. monococcum with emmer wheats and T. aestivum throws doubt upon its direct contribution of the A genome.

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