A comparison of pre-European settlement (1857) and current (1981-1995) forest composition in central Ontario

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott M Jackson ◽  
Fred Pinto ◽  
Jay R Malcolm ◽  
Edward R Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
White Birch ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Eastern White Cedar ◽  
Western Half

Presettlement forest composition along a 278 km long transect through central Ontario was recreated from Ontario land survey notes (1857) and compared with existing forest composition as derived from Forest Resource Inventories (1981-1995). Trends through time were analyzed by means of detrended correspondence analysis and univariate statistics (paired t tests and Wilcoxon matched-pair signed-ranks tests). Ordinations based on the first tree taxon listed in a stand and on all tree taxa provided similar results. The eastern half of the transect was initially dominated by boreal conifers, whereas the western half supported stands typical of Ontario's Great Lakes - St. Lawrence (GLSL) region. Significant reductions of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) and significant increases of poplar (Populus spp.) and white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) were observed within the boreal half. A significant reduction in eastern white cedar and an increase poplar were observed in the western half. Changes in the boreal region strongly support previous studies conducted over shorter time periods and may be attributed to clear-cut harvesting. The persistence of shade-tolerant hardwoods within the GLSL region can be attributed to the prevalence of small-scale disturbances associated with partial-cut harvesting systems.

Rare forest types in northeastern Ontario: a classification and analysis of representation in protected areas

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Drever ◽  
James Snider ◽  
Mark C. Drever
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Habitat Specificity ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Eastern White Cedar

Our objective was to assess the relative rarity and representation within protected areas of Standard Forest Units (SFUs) in northeastern Ontario by applying the concepts of geographic range, habitat specificity, and local population size. SFUs are stand type classifications, routinely employed by forest managers, based on tree composition, disturbance history, and prescribed silvicultural system. We identified several SFUs as rare because of a narrow distribution, association with only one landform type, or lack of at least one stand larger than an ecoregion-specific threshold. In the Boreal forest, rare SFUs comprised stands dominated by eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière), red oak ( Quercus rubra L.), yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), or eastern white-cedar ( Thuja occidentalis L.). Rare SFUs also included eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus L.) and (or) red pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.) leading stands managed by shelterwood or seed tree silviculture as well as low-lying deciduous stands and selection-managed stands of shade-tolerant species. In the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest, rare SFUs were yellow birch stands, stands dominated by conifer species abundant in the Boreal, and shelterwood-managed hardwood stands. Several rare SFUs had <12% of their total area in protection, i.e., stands dominated by eastern white pine, yellow birch, eastern white pine – red oak, or eastern white-cedar. These rare stand types require increased protection in reserves and tailored silvicultural practices to maintain their probability of persistence.

Dynamique de la sapinière à bouleau jaune de l'est après une épidémie de tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette

1999 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Pominville ◽  
Stéphane Déry ◽  
Louis Bélanger
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
The Other ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
The Dead

An outbreak of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), occurred between 1974 and 1987, in Quebec, in the eastern balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill, - yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis Britton, ecoclimatic sub-domain. The effect of this disruption has been assessed in mesic balsam fir stands killed during the outbreak, in mesic balsam fir stands partially damaged and in the following stands, also partially damaged: mesic yellow birch – balsam fir stands, mesic white birch, Betulapapyrifera Marsh., - balsam fir stands, mesic balsam fir – yellow birch stands, mesic balsam fir – white birch stands and xeric balsam fir stands. To that effect, surveys were led before, immediately after, and about five years after the outbreak in two blocks that have not been protected with insecticides. These blocks, located in Charlevoix and in Shipshaw management units, are second growth stands originating from clearcuts which occured about 50 years ago. Approximately five years after the outbreak, abundant coniferous regeneration was found everywhere except in the mesic yellow birch –balsam fir stand and in the dead mesic balsam fir stand, where softwood represented less than 50% of the regeneration. On the other hand, young softwood stems were located under the regeneration of white birch and of mountain maple, Acer spicatum Lam, in dead balsam fir stands, in balsam fir – white birch stands, as well as in living balsam fir stands and under mountain maple in yellow birch – balsam fir stands and in balsam fir – yellow birch stands. Our age structures indicate that softwood advance growth was relatively rare in these stands. Thus, during the opening of the canopy by the spruce budworm, intolerant hard-woods and shrubs invaded the still available microsites. In the dead balsam fir stands, stocking of the dominant hardwood regeneration stems is equivalent to that of softwood. Thus, dead balsam fir stands are turning to mixed stands. Xeric stands will remain softwood stands since they show luxuriant softwood regeneration dominating in height. In the other stands, we will have to wait the harvest period before we can adequately assess succession.

scholarly journals Long-term compositional changes following partial disturbance revealed by the resurvey of logging concession limits in the northern temperate forest of eastern Canada

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 943-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Danneyrolles ◽  
Dominique Arseneault ◽  
Yves Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Compositional Changes

Land use changes that are linked to European settlement of North America have transformed northeastern temperate forest landscapes. Many studies report a regional increase of young early-successional forests due to high disturbance rates since the preindustrial era (fire, land clearing, and clear-cuts). In this study, we document specific compositional changes to present-day mature forest landscapes, which have only been managed with partial cutting (high-grading and diameter-limit cuts) since the preindustrial era in southwestern Quebec. We resurveyed 108 forest observations that were extracted from logbooks of former logging concession limits (surveyed between 1870 and 1890). Results highlight an increase in mid- to late-successional shade-tolerant taxa (Betula alleghaniensis Britton, Thuja occidentalis L., Acer saccharum Marsh.) at the expense of preindustrial dominant conifers (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., Pinus strobus L.). Former logging activities and spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens) outbreaks appear to be the main drivers of these changes, which were also strongly structured across the topographic gradient. To some extent, these results highlight the relevance of partial cutting management, as it has allowed long-term maintenance of a mid- to late-successional forest composition, while also pointing the need for P. strobus restoration. We conclude that by allowing site-specific comparisons, the resurvey of historical observations greatly improve the analytical strengths of historical reconstruction.

Calcium and magnesium in wood of northern hardwood forest species: relations to site characteristics

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Arthur ◽  
T G Siccama ◽  
R D Yanai
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood

Improving estimates of the nutrient content of boles in forest ecosystems requires more information on how the chemistry of wood varies with characteristics of the tree and site. We examined Ca and Mg concentrations in wood at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Species examined were the dominant tree species of the northern hardwood forest and the spruce-fir forest. The concentrations of Ca and Mg, respectively, in lightwood of these species, mass weighted by elevation, were 661 and 145 µg/g for sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), 664 and 140 µg/g for American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), 515 and 93 µg/g for yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), 525 and 70 µg/g for red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), 555 and 118 µg/g for balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and 393 and 101 µg/g for white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.). There were significant patterns in Ca and Mg concentrations with wood age. The size of the tree was not an important source of variation. Beech showed significantly greater concentrations of both Ca (30%) and Mg (33%) in trees growing in moist sites relative to drier sites; sugar maple and yellow birch were less sensitive to mesotopography. In addition to species differences in lightwood chemistry, Ca and Mg concentrations in wood decreased with increasing elevation, coinciding with a pattern of decreasing Ca and Mg in the forest floor. Differences in Ca and Mg concentration in lightwood accounted for by elevation ranged from 12 to 23% for Ca and 16 to 30% for Mg for the three northern hardwood species. At the ecosystem scale, the magnitude of the elevational effect on lightwood chemistry, weighted by species, amounts to 18% of lightwood Ca in the watershed and 24% of lightwood Mg but only 2% of aboveground biomass Ca and 7% of aboveground Mg.

scholarly journals Are marginal balsam fir and eastern white cedar stands relics from once more extensive populations in north-eastern North America?

The Holocene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1672-1679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abed Nego Jules ◽  
Hugo Asselin ◽  
Yves Bergeron ◽  
Adam A Ali
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Eastern White Cedar

Marginal stands of balsam fir ( Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) and eastern white cedar ( Thuja occidentalis L.) are found north of their limits of continuous distribution in eastern North America. Regional-scale paleoecological studies have suggested that fir and cedar populations could have had larger extents in the past. This study aimed at verifying this hypothesis at the local scale. Wood charcoal fragments were collected from the soils of two marginal fir and cedar stands as well as from 15 sites in the surrounding forest matrix where the species are absent currently. Anatomical identification and radiocarbon-dating showed that fir was more extensive in the study area until about 680 cal. BP, representing up to 31% of the charcoal assemblages at sites where it is currently absent. The evidence is less conclusive for cedar, however, although some of the charcoal fragments from the matrix sites could have been either fir or cedar (undistinguishable). Most of the dated fir/cedar charcoal in the matrix were from the ‘Medieval Warm Period’ (ca. 1000 cal. BP), suggesting contraction may have occurred at that time. Marginal fir – and possibly cedar – stands are thus relics of once more extensive populations. Fire is likely the main factor having contributed to the contraction of the species’ distributions. Fir and cedar are now relegated to areas where fires are less frequent and severe, such as the shores of lakes and rivers.

scholarly journals A comparison of historical and current forest cover in selected areas of the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Forest of central Ontario

2002 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Leadbitter ◽  
David Euler ◽  
Brian Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Selective Logging ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Group Frequency ◽  
Forest Managers

Crown survey notes from the late 1800s were used to reconstruct forest cover at that time in four forest management units in central Ontario, Canada. Historic forest cover was then compared to forest cover in 1990 based on Forest Resources Inventory (FRI) maps. Regional results indicate that the proportions of maple (Acer spp.) in the forest increased by 12.5%, while balsam fir (Abies balsamea) declined by 3.5%, hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) by 2.3% and other conifers (larch (Larix laricina) and cedar (Thuja occidentalis)) by 2.1%. The frequency of occurrence of maple, ash (Fraxinus spp.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), poplar (Populus spp.) and spruce (Picea spp.) also increased while white birch (Betula papyrifera), hemlock and other hardwoods (e.g., oak (Quercus spp.), basswood (Tilia americana), beech (Fagus grandifolia), elm (Ulmus spp.), ironwood (Ostrya virginiana) and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.)) declined. The region-wide proportional increase in maple is likely due to timber harvest techniques such as selective logging, effective fire suppression and the ecology of the maple species. Crown survey notes have been a useful tool in reconstructing presettlement forest cover. Survey notes can easily be obtained and used by forest managers and planners to understand presettlement conditions of this forest. Managers can achieve zero net loss of forest types in relation to the presettlement condition by using appropriate silvicultural practices to reduce the proportion of maple. Key words: Crown Survey records, presettlement forest, Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Forest, working group, frequency of occurrence

scholarly journals Contrasting Litter Nutrient and Metal Inputs and Soil Chemistry among Five Common Eastern North American Tree Species

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 613
Author(s):  
Neil F. J. Ott ◽  
Shaun A. Watmough
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch

Forest composition has been altered throughout Eastern North America, and changes in species dominance may alter nutrient cycling patterns, influencing nutrient availability and distribution in soils. To assess whether nutrients and metals in litterfall and soil differed among sites influenced by five common Ontario tree species (balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.), white pine (Pinus strobus L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.)), litterfall and soil chemistry were measured at a managed forest in Central Ontario, Canada. Carbon (C) and macronutrient (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)) inputs in litterfall varied significantly among sites, primarily due to differences in litterfall mass, which was greatest in deciduous-dominated sites, while differences in elemental concentrations played relatively minor roles. Trace metal inputs in litterfall also varied, with much higher zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in litterfall within yellow birch dominated stands. Mineral soil oxide composition was very similar among sites, suggesting that differences in soil chemistry were influenced by forest composition rather than parent material. Litter in deciduous-dominated stands had lower C/N, and soils were less acidic than conifer-dominated sites. Deciduous stands also had much shorter elemental residence times in the organic horizons, especially for base cations (Ca, Mg, K) compared with conifer-dominated sites, although total soil nutrient pools were relatively consistent among sites. A change from stands with greater conifer abundance to mixed hardwoods has likely led to more rapid cycling of elements in forests, particularly for base cations. These differences are apparent at small scales (100 m2) in mixed forests that characterize many forested regions in Eastern North America and elsewhere.

Un diagramme pollinique au Mont des Éboulements, région de Charlevoix, Québec

1976 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Richard ◽  
Philippe Poulin
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Pollen Diagram ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Pollen Influx ◽  
Dwarf Birch

The history of vegetation has been registered in the sediments of lake Mimi since about 11 000 BP, The initial vegetation traced is a tundra which, under severe climatic conditions, lasted for about 1000 years. The herb tundra was progressively replaced by shrub tundra: a willow phase (Salix). followed by a dwarf birch phase (Betula cf. glandulosa) have been traced. These were followed by an afforestation phase characterized by an aspen community (Populus tremuloides) al about 10 000 BP. Spruce succeeded the aspen community, probably as an open black spruce (Picea mariana) community with some dwarf birch and green alder (Alnus crispa). An outstanding Alnus cf. crispa pollen peak (48%), supported by the annual pollen influx values, at the end of the spruce phase, could be interpreted as a return of colder climate that favored the expansion of this shrub over forest. This event would date about 9750 BP. An open fir (Abies balsamea) forest followed, and changed to the balsam fir – white birch (Betula papyrifera) forest (climax domain), which prevailed until now. The richer sites supported sugar maple (Acer saccharum) – yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) community and fir – yellow birch stands since 6200 BP. Six radiocarbon dates and annual pollen influx values are offered, and some ecological problems related to the interpretation of the pollen diagram are discussed.

Succession forestière après feu dans la sapinière à bouleau jaune du Bas-Saint-Laurent, Québec

1997 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 702-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Archambault ◽  
Jacques Morissette ◽  
Michèle Bernier-Cardou
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Vegetation Composition ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Hardwood Species

Forest successions following a forest fire that occurred in 1932 were studied on mesic sites of the boreal mixedwood forest of the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of Quebec, Canada. Physiographic, soil and vegetation data were collected in 28 ecosystems distributed on a topographic gradient. The vegetation composition of the main canopy, 64 years after the fire, varied according to topographic situation. The proportion of tolerant hardwood species (yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.)) increased toward upper slopes whereas it was the opposite for coniferous species (white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss), balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.)), as their proportion increased toward lower slopes. Intolerant hardwood species (white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)) were abundant in all ecosystems. The distribution pattern of regeneration density and stocking of tolerant hardwoods and conifers was similar to that of the main canopy. The majority of commercial species, including tolerant species, established rapidly after the fire. Only eastern white cedar (Thuya occidentalis L.), which is a species typical of late succession, did not grow back. Ten years after the fire, 78% of the sampled dominant trees were established. Competition caused by mountain maple (Acer spicatum Lam.) did not seem to be as important after fire compared with the situation after clearcutting. Results showed that after the elimination of intolerant species, the vegetation composition should evolve toward the potential vegetation (climax) of the toposequence, that is, the sugar maple - yellow birch type on upper slopes, the balsam fir - yellow birch type on midslopes and the balsam fir - yellow birch - cedar type on lower slopes. Key words: succession, fire, yellow birch, balsam fir, mountain maple.

Influence of Age and Growth Rate on Radial Anatomy of Annual Rings of Thuja occidentalis L. (Eastern White Cedar)

1993 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher H. Briand ◽  
Usher Posluszny ◽  
Douglas W. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Eastern White Cedar
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