Assessing developmental errors in branchiostegal rays as indicators of chronic stress in two species of Pacific salmon

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (11) ◽  
pp. 1876-1884 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Bruce Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low Levels

Stress during ontogeny reduces homeostasis, increasing the formation of developmental errors. Fused and partial branchiostegal rays were assessed as indicators of stress throughout embryogenesis in coho salmon (Oncorhy nchus kisutch Walbaum) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum). Error frequencies and the proportion of fish possessing them should increase when development is stressed. Coho parr were examined from reciprocal crosses between two hatchery stocks experiencing artificially fluctuated (between 7 and 12 °C) or ambient (natural) temperatures throughout embryogenesis. Temperature means and ranges were equivalent between treatments, allowing patterns of thermal variance to be compared. Chinook presmolts, having high versus low levels of infection with bacterial kidney disease owing to similar levels of parental infection, also were examined. Sampled fish were cleared and stained and the errors analyzed using categorical linear models and observations of positional distributions. Although partial rays in coho were genetically influenced, fusion frequency increased significantly under fluctuating (551) versus ambient temperatures (163), as did the number of fish with fusions (207 versus 104, respectively). No significant difference between bacterial kidney disease groups was observed, indicating the disease had little influence over error development. Positional distributions of fused rays were bimodal in both species, showing anterior and posterior zones of weaker developmental control. Partial rays occurred at initial and terminal positions in the series, suggesting evolutionary vestigialization in both species. Branchiostegal ray fusions are shown to be useful traits for further investigation of thermal stress during embryogenesis in salmon.

Changes in the Average Size and Average Age of Pacific Salmon

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1636-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Ricker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Gill Nets ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Average Size

Of the five species of Pacific salmon in British Columbia, chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) are harvested during their growing seasons, while pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), chum salmon (O. keta), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka) are taken only after practically all of their growth is completed. The size of the fish caught, of all species, has decreased, but to different degrees and over different time periods, and for the most part this results from a size decrease in the population. These decreases do not exhibit significant correlations with available ocean temperature or salinity series, except that for sockeye lower temperature is associated with larger size. Chinook salmon have decreased greatly in both size and age since the 1920s, most importantly because nonmaturing individuals are taken by the troll fishery; hence individuals that mature at older ages are harvested more intensively, which decreases the percentage of older ones available both directly and cumulatively because the spawners include an excess of younger fish. Other species have decreased in size principally since 1950, when the change to payment by the pound rather than by the piece made it profitable for the gill-netters to harvest more of the larger fish. Cohos and pinks exhibit the greatest decreases, these being almost entirely a cumulative genetic effect caused by commercial trolls and gill nets removing fish of larger than average size. However, cohos reared in the Strait of Georgia have not decreased in size, possibly because sport trolling has different selection characteristics or because of the increase in the hatchery-reared component of the catch. The mean size of chum and sockeye salmon caught has changed much less than that of the other species. Chums have the additional peculiarity that gill nets tend to take smaller individuals than seines do and that their mean age has increased, at least between 1957 and 1972. That overall mean size has nevertheless decreased somewhat may be related to the fact that younger-maturing individuals grow much faster than older-maturing ones; hence excess removal of the smaller younger fish tends to depress growth rate. Among sockeye the decrease in size has apparently been retarded by an increase in growth rate related to the gradual cooling of the ocean since 1940. However, selection has had two important effects: an increase in the percentage of age-3 "jacks" in some stocks, these being little harvested, and an increase in the difference in size between sockeye having three and four ocean growing seasons, respectively.Key words: Pacific salmon, age changes, size changes, fishery, environment, selection, heritability

Production of germline transgenic Pacific salmonids with dramatically increased growth performance

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 1376-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Devlin ◽  
Timothy Y. Yesaki ◽  
Edward M. Donaldson ◽  
Shao Jun Du ◽  
Choy-Leong Hew
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Somatic Tissue ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Gene Construct ◽  
Average Size

Transgenic Pacific salmon have been produced by microinjection of a DNA construct consisting of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) growth hormone sequences driven by an ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus) antifreeze protein promoter. This construct was retained in approximately 4% of fish derived from injected eggs, and resulted in dramatic enhancement of growth relative to controls. For coho salmon (O. kisutch) at 15 months of age, the average size of transgenic fish was more than 10-fold that of controls, with the largest fish more than 30-fold larger than nontransgenic siblings. Dramatic growth enhancement was also observed in transgenic rainbow trout (O. mykiss), cutthroat trout (O. clarki), and chinook salmon using this same gene construct. Transgenic coho salmon underwent precocious parr–smolt transformation during their first fall, approximately 6 months in advance of their nontransgenic siblings. At 2 years of age, five male transgenic coho salmon became sexually mature, and four of these transmitted the gene construct to sperm, the negative fish being transgenic in blood but not fin tissue. These results show that while some fish are mosaic for the gene construct in different tissues, most are transgenic in both germline and somatic tissue.

scholarly journals Both msa Genes in Renibacterium salmoninarum Are Needed for Full Virulence in Bacterial Kidney Disease

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 2672-2678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison M. Coady ◽  
Anthony L. Murray ◽  
Diane G. Elliott ◽  
Linda D. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Soluble Antigen ◽  
Renibacterium Salmoninarum ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽  
Important Virulence Factor ◽  
Chromosomal Loci

ABSTRACT Renibacterium salmoninarum, a gram-positive diplococcobacillus that causes bacterial kidney disease among salmon and trout, has two chromosomal loci encoding the major soluble antigen (msa) gene. Because the MSA protein is widely suspected to be an important virulence factor, we used insertion-duplication mutagenesis to generate disruptions of either the msa1 or msa2 gene. Surprisingly, expression of MSA protein in broth cultures appeared unaffected. However, the virulence of either mutant in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by intraperitoneal challenge was severely attenuated, suggesting that disruption of the msa1 or msa2 gene affected in vivo expression.

Genetic effects of ELISA-based segregation for control of bacterial kidney disease in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 2793-2808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J Hard ◽  
Diane G Elliott ◽  
Ronald J Pascho ◽  
Dorothy M Chase ◽  
Linda K Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Antigen Level ◽  
Renibacterium Salmoninarum ◽  
Listonella Anguillarum ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽  
Genetic And Phenotypic Correlations ◽  
High Heritability

We evaluated genetic variation in ability of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to resist two bacterial pathogens: Renibacterium salmoninarum, the agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), and Listonella anguillarum, an agent of vibriosis. After measuring R. salmoninarum antigen in 499 adults by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we mated each of 12 males with high or low antigen levels to two females with low to moderate levels and exposed subsets of their progeny to each pathogen separately. We found no correlation between R. salmoninarum antigen level in parents and survival of their progeny following pathogen exposure. We estimated high heritability for resistance to R. salmoninarum (survival h2 = 0.890 ± 0.256 (mean ± standard error)) independent of parental antigen level, but low heritability for resistance to L. anguillarum (h2 = 0.128 ± 0.078). The genetic correlation between these survivals (rA = –0.204 ± 0.309) was near zero. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between survival and antigen levels among surviving progeny exposed to R. salmoninarum were both negative (rA = –0.716 ± 0.140; rP = –0.378 ± 0.041), indicating that variation in antigen level is linked to survival. These results suggest that selective culling of female broodstock with high antigen titers, which is effective in controlling BKD in salmon hatcheries, will not affect resistance of their progeny.

Antibiotic Toxicity, Efficacy, and Teratogenicity in Adult Spring Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1513-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark G. DeCew
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease

Antibiotics were tested for toxicity and efficacy in adult spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) infected with bacterial kidney disease and furunculosis. The complex of penicillin G procaine, dihydrostreptomycin sulfate, and oxytetracycline-HCl was not toxic and it effectively controlled both diseases, producing a three-fold increase in adult survival and production of viable eggs.Mandible and fin teratogenesis occurred in progeny of adults treated with the above antibiotic complex, but could be reduced by providing a 32 day interim between injection and spawning.

Appetite of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) naturally infected with bacterial kidney disease

Aquaculture ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 189 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhani Pirhonen ◽  
Carl B Schreck ◽  
Ann Gannam
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease

Dispersal and productivity of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon colonizing newly accessible habitat

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph H. Anderson ◽  
Paul L. Faulds ◽  
Karl D. Burton ◽  
Michele E. Koehler ◽  
William I. Atlas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Fishing Mortality ◽  
Fish Ladder ◽  
Accessible Habitat ◽  
Over Time

Following construction of a fish ladder at Landsburg Diversion Dam on the Cedar River, Washington, USA, in fall 2003, we used DNA-based parentage to identify second generation Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon as recruits that were produced above the dam or “strays” dispersing into the new habitat that were produced elsewhere. For both species, strays colonized immediately but decreased as a proportion of the total run over time. Chinook salmon strays were more numerous in years when the species was more abundant below the dam and included a much larger proportion of hatchery origin salmon than did coho salmon. Productivity, calculated as the ratio of female recruits sampled at the dam to female spawners, exceeded replacement in all four coho salmon cohorts but only two of five Chinook salmon cohorts, leading to more rapid population expansion of coho salmon. However, estimates of fishing mortality and recruitment into the Cedar River below the dam substantially increased Chinook salmon productivity estimates. Our results demonstrate that Pacific salmon are capable of rapidly recolonizing habitat made accessible by restoration and emphasize the importance of demographic exchange with preexisting populations during the transition from recolonization to self-sustainability.

Differences in acquired and innate resistance among Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) against the haemoflagellate Cryptobia salmositica and numbers delivered by the leech vector Piscicola salmositica

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Bower
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Lytic Activity ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Elevated Water ◽  
Plasma Factors

Susceptible juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were protected from otherwise lethal challenges with the haemoflagellate Cryptobia salmositica by acclimation to an elevated water temperature (20 °C). Following challenge at temperatures advantageous to the haemoflagellate (9–11 °C), surviving fish had plasma with enhanced acquired lytic activity against the parasite. In contrast, most coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from a resistant stock survived up to three challenges with C. salmositica, without "immunization" at elevated temperatures. However, they acquired little or no lytic activity against the parasite, which survived in low numbers in some fish. Also, the chinook and coho salmon did not have innate plasma factors that lysed the parasite under in vitro conditions like those demonstrated in other salmonids. Thus, the mechanism(s) that protect the resistant O. kisutch from the pathogenic affects of C. salmositica are different from those identified in other fishes that are resistant to Cryptobia spp. A challenge of 105 flagellates per fish was suggested to be representative of the number of C. salmositica inoculated into a fish by one infected leech vector (Piscicola salmositica).

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