Influence of combinations of bovine growth hormone, 17α-methyltestosterone, and L-thyroxine on growth of yearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1048-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Higgs ◽  
Ulf H. M. Fagerlund ◽  
Jack R. McBride ◽  
Helen M. Dye ◽  
Edward M. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Endocrine Pancreas ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Bovine Growth Hormone ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Hormone Administration ◽  
Natural Photoperiod ◽  
Muscle Water

Groups of yearling coho salmon held at 10 °C on a natural photoperiod, and fed excess ration daily, were administered either bovine growth hormone (bGH; 0.0092 IU/g body weight), L-thyroxine (T4; 1 μg/g), 17α-methyltestosterone (MT; 1 mg/kg diet), combinations of these hormones, or no hormone for 59 days. Fish received bGH and (or) T4 intramuscularly once weekly.Each individual hormone and hormone combination significantly enhanced growth. The sequence noted for growth rate of the groups was as follows: (bGH + MT + T4) > (bGH + MT) > (bGH + T4) > bGH > (T4 + MT) > MT > T4 > control groups. Three hormonal interactions were additive (T4 + MT; bGH + MT; bGH + MT + T4). The growth rate of fish treated with bGH + MT + T4 was over three times that of the controls.T4 or MT + T4 administration significantly increased condition factors, while MT, bGH, bGH + T4, bGH + MT, and bGH + MT + T4 decreased them.Significant elevations in percentages of muscle water (bGH) and lipid (T4; T4 + MT; bGH + MT) were found. Thyroid activity (follicle epithelial height) was significantly increased in MT and MT + bGH fish, but depressed in T4 fish. Hormone administration altered the histological structure of the endocrine pancreas (bGH and MT groups), ovary (bGH; MT groups), testis (MT groups), and interrenal tissue (bGH; MT).

Influence of Bovine Growth Hormone and L-Thyroxine on Growth, Muscle Composition, and Histological Structure of the Gonads, Thyroid, Pancreas, and Pituitary of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1585-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Higgs ◽  
Edward M. Donaldson ◽  
Helen M. Dye ◽  
J. R. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Bovine Growth Hormone ◽  
Poor Growth

Groups of underyearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were acclimated to 10 C well water and a photoperiod of 12 h L:12 h D. Excess ration (Oregon Moist Pellet) was presented daily. Doses of bovine growth hormone (5, 10, 20, 30, or 90 μg bGH/g body wt) and L-thyroxine (0.5, 5, or 30 μg T4/g) were administered over a period of 84 days (phase I) either by injection (via dorsal musculature or peritoneal cavity) or by hormone cholesterol implants into the muscle. Administration frequency of bGH and T4 was such (range 2 times/wk-1 time/3 wk) that fish theoretically received either 10 or 30 μg bGH/g per wk or 1 or 10 μg T4/g per wk. Control fish received either alkaline saline (pH 9.5) or a cholesterol pellet. After cessation of treatment the fish were observed for an additional 84 days (phase II). During phase I, growth rates (weight) for bGH fish (2.0–2.4% per day) and for T4 fish (0.97–1.1% per day) were significantly higher than those of control fish (0.42–0.59% per day). Among bGH fish, dorsal musculature injection (2 times/wk) was significantly more effective than intraperitoneal injection (1 time/2 wk).Increases in weight above control for bGH fish at 84 days ranged from 220 to 369%. Those for T4 fish extended from 47 to 78%. In phase II, control fish growth rates were higher (0.61–0.67% per day) than those for bGH fish (0.47–0.57% per day) and T4 fish (0.32–0.44% per day). Administration of bGH and T4 (high dose) caused a progressive decline in condition factor of fish from the control range. This trend was stopped and reversed in phase II.At 84 days, generally no significant differences were detected among groups for percentages of muscle water. However, some groups had significantly higher (bGH) and others lower (T4) percentages of muscle protein relative to those of control fish. Also, significant increases (T4) and decreases (bGH) in muscle lipid percentages were found. Hormone treatment altered the histological structure of the ovary, thyroid, exocrine (T4) and endocrine (bGH) pancreas, and somatotrop cells (T4) of the pituitary. A poor growth response was noted for two groups of coho administered bGH after acclimation to sea water.

Influence of bovine growth hormone on growth rate, appetite, and food conversion of yearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fed two diets of different composition

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Markert ◽  
David A. Higgs ◽  
Helen M. Dye ◽  
D. W. MacQuarrie
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Bovine Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Ration Level ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Treated Fish

Paired groups of yearling coho salmon at 10 °C and on a natural photoperiod were fed twice daily either Oregon moist pellets (OMP) or a diet with poultry offal (PO) as the main protein source. The fish were fed either 0.8% body weight per day (dry weight of food (g)/wet weight of fish (g)) or to satiation. Coho in one of the groups for each diet–ration combination received, by intramuscular injection, 10 μg (0.0092 IU) of bovine growth hormone (bGH) per gram body weight one time per week for 56 days. Those in the other group were not treated.Administration of bGH significantly enhanced growth and improved food and protein conversion. Ration level altered the effect of bGH on food and protein conversion as did diet formulation at satiation. The voluntary food intake of bGH-treated fish fed OMP was higher but not significantly different from that of the controls. Diet formulation differences did not significantly affect the growth rate of either bGH-treated or untreated coho at each ration level. Irrespective of the diet–ration combination, bGH administration lead to a significant decline in condition factor.At 56 days, bGH-treated fish had a significantly lower percentage of muscle protein and a significantly higher percentage of muscle water than untreated fish. At present, the use of bGH as a growth promoter for coho salmon is not economical.

Growth, Parr–Smolt Transformation, and Changes in Growth Hormone of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Reared under Different Photoperiods

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 2100-2108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigurd O. Stefansson ◽  
Björn Th. Bjömsson ◽  
Tom Hansen ◽  
Carl Haux ◽  
G. Lasse Taranger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Plasma Growth Hormone ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Natural Photoperiod

Potential 1+ smolts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were reared under three light regimes: simulated natural photoperiod (LDN), continuous light (LD24:0), or a combination of continuous, low-intensity background light and a superimposed simulated natural photoperiod (dual photoperiod, LDD). Growth rate in freshwater was enhanced by LD24:0 and LDD, and changes associated with smoking (increased salinity tolerance, reduced condition coefficient) were advanced under LD24:0. Plasma growth hormone levels were initially high on LD24:0 and LDD whereas on LDN, plasma growth hormone levels increased gradually from February through April. Overall GH levels were negatively correlated with condition coefficient during the final stages of smoking. After 16 mo in seawater, there were no significant size differences among the groups. The incidence of sexual maturation as postsmolts was higher in the LD24:0 and LDD groups whereas the incidence of grilsing was higher in LDN. Results demonstrate the significant influence of photoperiod on growth and smoking in Atlantic salmon. An abrupt increase to continuous light in winter may be sufficient to advance important aspects of the parr–smolt transformation. Dual photoperiod may be a way to combine the increased growth rate observed under continuous light and the normal parr–smolt transformation associated with natural photoperiod.

scholarly journals Sexually Dimorphic Growth Stimulation in a Strain of Growth Hormone Transgenic Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle T. T. Chan ◽  
Annette Muttray ◽  
Dionne Sakhrani ◽  
Krista Woodward ◽  
Jin-Hyoung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Transgene Expression ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Transgene Insertion

AbstractGrowth hormone (GH) transgenic fish often exhibit remarkable transformations in growth rate and other phenotypes relative to wild-type. The 5750A transgenic coho salmon strain exhibits strong sexually dimorphic growth, with females possessing growth stimulation at a level typical of that seen for both sexes in other strains harbouring the same gene construct (e.g. M77), while males display a modest level of growth stimulation. GH mRNA levels were significantly higher in females than in males of the 5750A strain but equivalent in the M77 strain, indicating sex and transgene insertion locus altered transgene expression. We found that acute estradiol treatments did not influence GH expression in either strain (5750A and M77) or the transgene promoter (metallothionein-B), suggesting that estradiol level was not a significant factor influencing transgene activity. The feminization of XX and XY fish of the 5750A and M77 strains generated all-female groups and resulted in equalized growth of the two genetic sexes, suggesting that the presence of the Y chromosome was not directly capable of influencing the GH transgene–mediated growth in a physiological female conditions. These data suggest that the difference in growth rate seen between the sexes in the 5750A strain arises from non-estradiol-mediated sex influences on gene regulation at the transgene locus. This study shows how genetic factors and transgene insertion sites can influence transgene expression with significant consequent effects on phenotype.

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