Design and Device Mismatch Analysis of CSS–UWB Pulse Generator

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saif Benali ◽  
Imen Barraj ◽  
Hatem Trabelsi
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Spread Spectrum ◽  
Pulse Generator ◽  
Random Parameter ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Ring Oscillator ◽  
Ultra Wideband ◽  
Ramp Generator ◽  
Device Mismatch ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents the design of a Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS), ultra-wideband (UWB), pulse generator (PG) and device mismatch impact on its performance. The proposed CSS-PG is built using a differential ring oscillator (RO) controlled by a ramp generator, allowing varying linearly the pulse frequency with time over the CSS pulse duration. Device mismatches and random variations during integrated circuit manufacturing are the most critical imperfections in high precision differential UWB voltage controlled RO circuit. These mismatches lead to behavioral variations of the PG. The proposed CSS-UWB-PG is designed and analyzed using CMOS 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m technology. The CSS-PG presents an output swing of 266[Formula: see text]mV Vpp for 20[Formula: see text]nsec and consumes 1.72[Formula: see text]mW for a PRF of 10[Formula: see text]MHz. The simulated PSD covers the UWB low band from 3[Formula: see text]GHz to 5[Formula: see text]GHz and complies with the FCC regulations. For [Formula: see text] mismatch, the simulation results show a maximum relative accuracy on oscillation frequency and phase noise of 3.43% and 6.9%, respectively. Monte Carlo and process simulation are performed to study the impact of the random parameter variation on this CSS-PG. Theses simulations show the robustness of the proposed design as the PG PSD is still inside the FCC-UWB mask and its bandwidth is greater than 500[Formula: see text]MHz.

Analyzing the Impact of X-Ray Tomography on the Reliability of Integrated Circuits

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halit Dogan ◽  
Md Mahbub Alam ◽  
Navid Asadizanjani ◽  
Sina Shahbazmohamadi ◽  
Domenic Forte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Serial Sectioning ◽  
Promising Technique ◽  
Flash Memories ◽  
X Ray ◽  
3D Information ◽  
The Impact

Abstract X-ray tomography is a promising technique that can provide micron level, internal structure, and three dimensional (3D) information of an integrated circuit (IC) component without the need for serial sectioning or decapsulation. This is especially useful for counterfeit IC detection as demonstrated by recent work. Although the components remain physically intact during tomography, the effect of radiation on the electrical functionality is not yet fully investigated. In this paper we analyze the impact of X-ray tomography on the reliability of ICs with different fabrication technologies. We perform a 3D imaging using an advanced X-ray machine on Intel flash memories, Macronix flash memories, Xilinx Spartan 3 and Spartan 6 FPGAs. Electrical functionalities are then tested in a systematic procedure after each round of tomography to estimate the impact of X-ray on Flash erase time, read margin, and program operation, and the frequencies of ring oscillators in the FPGAs. A major finding is that erase times for flash memories of older technology are significantly degraded when exposed to tomography, eventually resulting in failure. However, the flash and Xilinx FPGAs of newer technologies seem less sensitive to tomography, as only minor degradations are observed. Further, we did not identify permanent failures for any chips in the time needed to perform tomography for counterfeit detection (approximately 2 hours).

scholarly journals Pubertal Acceleration of Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Release in Male Rats as Revealed by Microdialysis

Endocrinology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn C. Harris ◽  
Jon E. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Pulse Generator ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Pubertal Maturation ◽  
Repeated Sampling ◽  
Generator Activity ◽  
Mature Spermatozoa

Abstract A microdialysis technique was used in male rats to directly assess the postulate that pubertal maturation is associated with accelerated GnRH pulsatility. Juvenile male rats, postnatal d 43 or 45 (n = 4) were stereotaxically fitted with guide cannulas directed toward the lateral median eminence, and repeated microdialysis experiments were conducted over 4–6 d. In each session, samples were collected continuously over 12 h (0900–2100 h) at 5-min intervals Results from individual peripubertal animals were pooled into two time bins for postnatal d 45–47 and 48–50, respectively, and GnRH characteristics were compared between the two epochs. The GnRH pulse frequency and mean GnRH concentration were significantly elevated at 48–50 d compared with 45–47 d. The GnRH pulsatility characteristics for 45–47 d vs. 48–50 d were as follows: pulse frequency, 0.74 ± 0.16 vs. 1.79 ± 0.19 pulses/h (P < 0.05); pulse amplitude, 254.1 ± 22.3 vs. 347.2 ± 15.8 Δpg/ml (difference in value from trough to peak); and mean release, 0.55 ± 0.03 vs. 2.04 ± 0.04 pg/5 min (P < 0.05). An additional two rats were dialyzed only once on postnatal d 50 to assess the effects of repeated sampling; the GnRH pulse characteristics in these animals were similar to those in rats sampled for a third or fourth time on postnatal d 48–50. To further assess the possible effects of repeated sampling on GnRH release profiles, a group of adult male rats (postnatal d 95–105; n = 3) was also dialyzed on four consecutive days. In these rats no significant alteration in GnRH pulse generator activity was observed over the four sessions. Moreover, the increase in GnRH pulse frequency observed in the peripubertal rats was found to be sustained in adult animals. To better understand the temporal relationship of GnRH pulse generator activity to reproductive maturation, groups of male rats were killed from postnatal d 45–56 along with an adult group at 95–105 d (n = 5/group) and examined for physiological signs of reproductive development. Gradual increases in serum levels of LH and testosterone and decreases in FSH and inhibin B were seen from postnatal d 45–56 to adulthood. Mature spermatozoa were found in the vas deferens by postnatal d 53. Our results demonstrate that in the late juvenile stage of male rat development, GnRH pulse generator activity is gradually accelerated over the course of consecutive days. This acceleration occurs over a period during which serum LH and testosterone are rising to adult levels, and it precedes the presence of mature spermatozoa in the vas deferens by 3 d. Our observations provide direct support for the hypothesis that an acceleration of GnRH pulsatility is the critical neural stimulus for the initiation of pubertal maturation in males. The peripheral and central cues that prompt the pubertal activation of the GnRH pulse generator remain to be characterized.

Pulsatile LH secretion in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the rat

1991 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Dong ◽  
R. M. Lazarus ◽  
L. S. Wong ◽  
M. Vellios ◽  
D. J. Handelsman
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Pulse Generator ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Metabolic Effect ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Lh Secretion

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the effect of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on pulsatile LH secretion in the mature male rat. LH pulse frequency was reduced by 56% and pulse amplitude by 54%, with a consequential decrease of 72% in mean LH levels 8 days after i.v. administration of STZ (55 mg/kg) to castrated Wistar rats compared with castrated non-diabetic controls. Twice daily insulin treatment completely reversed all parameters of pulsatile LH secretion to control values. Food-restricted non-diabetic controls, studied to distinguish the metabolic effect of diabetes from that of concurrent weight loss, demonstrated a 34% reduction in LH pulse frequency but no significant changes in LH pulse amplitude or mean LH levels compared with non-diabetic controls given free access to food. To distinguish whether the decreased LH pulse amplitude in diabetes was due to a reduction in either the quantity of hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) released per secretory episode or to decreased pituitary responsiveness to GnRH, the responsiveness of the pituitary to exogenous GnRH (1–1000 ng/kg body weight) was tested in diabetic rats after castration, using a full Latin square experimental design. The net LH response (total area under response curve over 40 min following GnRH) was decreased by 33% (P=0·001) in diabetic compared with control rats. The decreased LH pulse frequency in STZ-induced diabetes therefore suggests that the metabolic effect of diabetes is to decelerate directly the firing rate of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator independent of testicular feed-back. These effects were fully reversed by insulin treatment and were only partly due to the associated weight loss. The impaired pituitary responsiveness to GnRH is at least partly involved in the reduction of LH pulse amplitude. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 131, 49–55

Infrared Oscillators in Conventional Carbon Nanotube FET Technology

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (04) ◽  
pp. 1550053
Author(s):  
Lobna I'msaddak ◽  
Dalenda Ben Issa ◽  
Abdennaceur Kachouri ◽  
Mounir Samet ◽  
Hekmet Samet
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Oscillation Frequency ◽  
Ring Oscillator ◽  
Propagation Time ◽  
Type C ◽  
P Type ◽  
Lc Tank ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Carbon Nanotube Fet

This paper presents the design of C-CNTFET oscillator's arrays for infrared 'IR' technology. These arrays are contained by both of the LC-tank and the voltage control 'coupled N- and P-type C-CNTFET LC-tank' oscillators. In this paper, the analysis of the impact of CNT diameter variations and the nonlinear capacitances (C GD and C GS ) were introduced, especially on propagation time, oscillation frequency and power consumption. The C-CNTFET inverter, ring oscillator, LC-tank and coupled N- and P-type C-CNTFET LC-tank oscillator structures were designed and their speeding and performances have been investigated with the proposed n-type of C-CNTFET model supplied by a 0.5 V power voltage. Simulation results show that the n- and p-types LC-tank oscillator circuit designs achieved an approximately equal oscillation frequency, response time and power consumption. Whereas the coupled N- and P-type C-CNTFET LC-tank oscillator has the lowest power consumption equal to 0.13 μW, the highest oscillation frequency (10.08 THz) and the fastest response time (1.81 ps).

scholarly journals A Robust and Adaptive Complementary Kalman Filter Based on Mahalanobis Distance for Ultra Wideband/Inertial Measurement Unit Fusion Positioning

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Li ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Kourosh Khoshelham
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Mahalanobis Distance ◽  
Inertial Measurement Unit ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Ultra Wideband ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Observation Error ◽  
System State ◽  
Inertial Measurement ◽  
The Impact

Ultra wideband (UWB) has been a popular technology for indoor positioning due to its high accuracy. However, in many indoor application scenarios UWB measurements are influenced by outliers under non-line of sight (NLOS) conditions. To detect and eliminate outlying UWB observations, we propose a UWB/Inertial Measurement Unit (UWB/IMU) fusion filter based on a Complementary Kalman Filter to track the errors of position, velocity and direction. By using the least squares method, the positioning residual of the UWB observation is calculated, the robustness factor of the observation is determined, and an observation weight is dynamically set. When the robustness factor does not exceed a pre-defined threshold, the observed value is considered trusted, and adaptive filtering is used to track the system state, while the abnormity of system state, which might be caused by IMU data exceptions or unreasonable noise settings, is detected by using Mahalanobis distance from the observation to the prior distribution. When the robustness factor exceeds the threshold, the observed value is considered abnormal, and robust filtering is used, whereby the impact of UWB data exceptions on the positioning results is reduced by exploiting Mahalanobis distance. Experimental results show that the observation error can be effectively estimated, and the proposed algorithm can achieve an improved positioning accuracy when affected by outlying system states of different quantity as well as outlying observations of different proportion.

scholarly journals Correlation of serum androgen and gonadotropin with anti-mullerian hormone in polycystic ovarian syndrome in Eastern Indian population

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Somnath Singh Raghuvanshi ◽  
Anirban Sinha ◽  
Animesh Maiti ◽  
Partha Pratim Chakraborty ◽  
Asish Kumar Basu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome ◽  
Pulse Generator ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

Background: Ovarian steroidogenesis requires gonadotropin stimulation, Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a key factor in the hyperandrogenaemia of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Progesterone is the primary regulator of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) pulse frequency; however, in the polycystic ovary syndrome, the GnRH pulse generator is relatively resistant to the negative feedback effects of progesterone.  Study aims to evaluate the association of Anti-mullerian hormone with serum androgen and gonadotropin level in adolescents and young women of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).Methods: This was a single centre observational Cross-sectional study carried out in the department of Endocrinology and metabolism, Medical College, Kolkata from March 2017 to January 2019. Total number of study subjects were 207 out of which 138 were cases.Results: The AMH had strong positive correlation with serum testosterone in both case and control groups (r 0.542, p<0.001 and r 0.57, p<0.001) respectively .After the adjustment of age and BMI , the AMH moderately positive  but extremely significant correlation with serum testosterone as compare to control.Conclusions: Hyperandrogenaemia and higher ratio of LH and FSH associated with higher serum AMH level is associated with the higher serum AMH in polycystic ovarian syndrome.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in ASIC Development for Enhanced Performance M-Sequence UWB Systems

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavol Galajda ◽  
Martin Pecovsky ◽  
Miroslav Sokol ◽  
Martin Kmec ◽  
Dusan Kocur
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Functional System ◽  
Ultra Wideband ◽  
Radar Sensors ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Radio Detection ◽  
M Sequence ◽  
Application Specific Integrated Circuit ◽  
On Chip

Short-range ultra-wideband (UWB) radar sensors belong to very promising sensing techniques that have received vast attention recently. The M-sequence UWB sensing techniques for radio detection and ranging feature several advantages over the other short-range radars, inter alia superior integration capabilities. The prerequisite to investigate their capabilities in real scenarios is the existence of physically available hardware, i.e., particular functional system blocks. In this paper, we present three novel blocks of M-sequence UWB radars exploiting application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) technology. These are the integrated 15th-order M-sequence radar transceiver on one chip, experimental active Electronic Communication Committee (ECC) bandpass filter, and miniature transmitting UWB antenna with an integrated amplifier. All these are custom designs intended for the enhancement of capabilities of an M-sequence-based system family for new UWB short-range sensing applications. The design approaches and verification of the manufactured prototypes by measurements of the realized circuits are presented in this paper. The fine balance on technology capabilities (Fc of roughly 120 GHz) and thoughtful design process of the proposed blocks is the first step toward remarkably minimized devices, e.g., as System on Chip designs, which apparently allow broadening the range of new applications.

scholarly journals Bandwidth Improvement in Bow-Tie Microstrip Antennas: The Effect of Substrate Type and Design Dimensions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halgurd N. Awl ◽  
Yadgar I. Abdulkarim ◽  
Lianwen Deng ◽  
Mehmet Bakır ◽  
Fahmi F. Muhammadsharif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Microstrip Antennas ◽  
Ultra Wideband ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Substrate Type ◽  
Antenna Performance ◽  
Uwb Applications ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bow Tie ◽  
Good Agreement

In this work, the impact of substrate type and design dimensions on bow-tie microstrip antenna performance and bandwidth improvement is presented both numerically and experimentally at 4–8 GHz. The finite integration technique (FIT)-based high-frequency electromagnetic solver, CST Microwave Studio, was used for the simulation analysis. For this purpose, four bow-tie microstrip antennas were designed, fabricated, and measured upon using different materials and substrate thicknesses. Precise results were achieved and the simulated and experimental results showed a good agreement. The performance of each antenna was analyzed and the impact of changing material permittivity, antenna dimensions and substrate thicknesses on antenna performance were investigated and discussed. The measured results indicated that the slot bow-tie antenna, which is one of the novel aspects of this study, is well matched and a 2-GHz bandwidth [5–7 GHz] is obtained, which is about 50% bandwidth in comparison with the wideband applications [4–8 GHz]. The proposed structure is useful in ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. This study provides guidance in selecting material types and thicknesses for microstrip antennas based on desired applications.

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