Quantificational evaluation of the resolving power of qualitative biomarkers with different cardinal numbers based on a magnitude-standardized index

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (06) ◽  
pp. 2050036
Author(s):  
Wang Hongwei ◽  
Jiang Chunling ◽  
Li Chenjian ◽  
Liu Hui
Keyword(s):  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Biological Factor ◽  
Youden Index ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Standardized Index ◽  
Analysis Models ◽  
Msi Analysis

Biomarkers are used for clinical diagnostic purposes, but existing indexes exhibit limitations in terms of the resolving power of biomarkers. This paper proposes a new index, the magnitude-standardized index (MSI), to describe the quantitative variations and resolving powers of different biomarkers. In MSI analysis models, variation scales for ratios and differences are considered simultaneously, and a higher MSI value implies a stronger risk or effect for a biological factor. We explain the rationale for the MSI via hybrid and geometric methods and verify its efficacy through simulation experiments. Our results indicate that the MSI is superior to the Youden index and odds ratio for describing resolving power. When two biomarkers with similar Youden index values, odds ratios, or MSI values but different positive test rates (or cardinal numbers) were combined, all three index values increased; however, only the MSI value remained relatively stable. For a very small cardinal number, such as that of a single nucleotide polymorphism, the MSI value is at most half of the maximum value (0.5), allowing comparisons between MSI values for biomarkers with different cardinal numbers. The MSI can thus provide a better quantifiable evaluation of the resolving power of biomarkers with different cardinal numbers.

Reconstruction of the Ancient Numeral System in Basque Language

Philology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2018) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
FERNANDO GOMEZ-ACEDO ◽  
ENEKO GOMEZ-ACEDO
Keyword(s):  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Counting System ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Diachronic Development ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract In this work a new insight into the reconstruction of the original forms of the first Basque cardinal numbers is presented and the identified original meaning of the names given to the numbers is shown. The method used is the internal reconstruction, using for the etymologies words that existed and still exist in Basque and other words reconstructed from the proto-Basque. As a result of this work it has been discovered that initially the numbers received their name according to a specific and logic procedure. According to this ancient method of designation, each cardinal number received its name based on the hand sign used to represent it, thus describing the position adopted by the fingers of the hand to represent each number. Finally, the different stages of numerical formation are shown, which demonstrate a long and diachronic development of the whole counting system.

Validation of the Colon Life nomogram in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer enrolled in the RECOURSE trial

2020 ◽  
pp. 030089162096080
Author(s):  
Filippo Pietrantonio ◽  
Giovanni Fucà ◽  
Paolo Manca ◽  
Filippo Pagani ◽  
Alessandra Raimondi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Cox Model ◽  
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ◽  
Youden Index ◽  
Group Score ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Death Probability

Background: The RECOURSE trial (Study of TAS-102 in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Refractory to Standard Chemotherapies) demonstrated an overall survival (OS) benefit of trifluridine/tipiracil (FTD/TPI) vs placebo in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Given the limited benefit of later line treatments, we developed the Colon Life nomogram to assess the 12-week death probability in the refractory setting. Methods: This post hoc analysis of RECOURSE included patients with available data to calculate the nomogram score: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status, primary tumor resection, lactate dehydrogenase, and peritoneal metastases. The nomogram calibration was assessed by calibration plots and C-index. The nomogram prognostic and predictive ability was assessed by Cox model analyses and the nomogram score predictive value was explored according to the cutoff identified at maximum value of the Youden index in time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results: Overall, 251 trial patients were evaluable: 90 in the placebo arm and 161 in the FTD/TPI arm. The calibration was optimal in the placebo arm (C-index 0.807) and suboptimal in the FTD/TPI arm (0.657). The cutoff of the nomogram score of 23 showed the best discriminative ability for 12-week OS (hazard ratio 3.46, 95% confidence interval 2.17–5.51 for scores 40 vs 15) and had maximum value of the Youden index (0.381). Median OS and 3-month PFS were 9.0 vs 7.5 months and 39.3% vs 5.2%, respectively, for FTD/TPI vs placebo in the low-risk group (score <23) and 4.8 vs 3.4 months and 22.3% vs 9.8% in the high-risk group (score ⩾23) (interaction NS). Conclusion: The Colon Life nomogram is an accurate tool for estimating life expectancy in refractory mCRC. The benefit of FTD/TPI was independent of the predicted risk of early death.

scholarly journals Sistem Bilangan Beberapa Bahasa di Wilayah Papua, NTT, dan Maluku Utara

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Sri Winarti
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Number System ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Regional Language ◽  
Numeral Systems ◽  
Regional Languages

This paper wishes to describe the numeral systems in the regions of Papua, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) and North Maluku, namely Marind language (Papua), Tarfia language (Papua), Alor language (NTT), Adang language (NTT), Eastern Makian language (North Maluku) and Ternate language (North Maluku). This paper aims to determine the similarities and the differences among the six languages. This research uses a qualitative method. The result of this study is explaining that all those six languages have unique numeral systems, which differs from one regional language to other regional languages. Although they are different, the six languages also have similarities, that is they have cardinal numbers and the development of cardinal numbers. The lexical shapes used in the six languages in forming the numbers can be grouped into two, namely (1) the cardinal number and (2) the development of the cardinal number. The cardinal numbers in the six languages can be grouped into two parts, namely (1) languages that fall under the category of less-than-en cardinal number system and (2) the languages that fall under the category of ten cardinal numbers. Abstrak Makalah ini mendeskripsikan sistem bilangan beberapa bahasa di wilayah Papua, Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), dan Maluku Utara, yaitu bahasa Marind (Papua), bahasa Tarfia (Papua), bahasa Alor (NTT), bahasa Adang (NTT), bahasa Makian Timur (Maluku Utara), dan bahasa Ternate (Maluku Utara). Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesamaan dan perbedaan keenam bahasa-bahasa tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Temuan yang didapat dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa keenam bahasa tersebut memiliki sistem bilangan yang khas, yang berbeda antara satu bahasa daerah dengan bahasa daerah lainnya. Walaupun berbeda, keenam bahasa-bahasa itu juga memiliki kesamaan, yaitu sama-sama memiliki bilangan pokok dan pengembangan bilangan pokok. Bentuk leksikal yang digunakan pada keenam bahasa tersebut dalam membentuk bilangan-bilangan dapat dikelompokkan atas dua, yaitu (1) bilangan pokok dan (2) pengembangan bilangan pokok. Bilangan pokok pada keenam bahasa itu dapat dikelompokkan atas dua bagian, yaitu (1) bahasa-bahasa yang termasuk kategori sistem bilangan pokok yang kurang dari sepuluh dan (2) bahasa-bahasa yang termasuk kategori bilangan pokok sepuluh. 

scholarly journals A Novel 7-Single Nucleotide Polymorphism-Based Clonotyping Test Allows Rapid Prediction of Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Extraintestinal Escherichia coli Directly From Urine Specimens

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Tchesnokova ◽  
Hovhannes Avagyan ◽  
Mariya Billig ◽  
Sujay Chattopadhyay ◽  
Pavel Aprikian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Typing Method ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Urine Specimens

Abstract Background.  Escherichia coli is a highly clonal pathogen. Extraintestinal isolates belong to a limited number of genetically related groups, which often exhibit characteristic antimicrobial resistance profiles. Methods.  We developed a rapid clonotyping method for extraintestinal E coli based on detection of the presence or absence of 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 2 genes (fumC and fimH). A reference set of 2559 E coli isolates, primarily of urinary origin, was used to predict the resolving power of the 7-SNP-based typing method, and 582 representative strains from this set were used to evaluate test robustness. Results.  Fifty-four unique SNP combinations (“septatypes”) were identified in the reference strains. These septatypes yielded a clonal group resolution power on par with that of traditional multilocus sequence typing. In 72% of isolates, septatype identity predicted sequence type identity with at least 90% (mean, 97%) accuracy. Most septatypes exhibited highly distinctive antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. The 7-SNP-based test could be performed with high specificity and sensitivity using single or multiplex conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR. In the latter format, E coli presence and septatype identity were determined directly in urine specimens within 45 minutes with bacterial loads as low as 102 colony-forming units/mL and, at clinically significant bacterial loads, with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions.  7-SNP-based typing of E coli can be used for both epidemiological studies and clinical diagnostics, which could greatly improve the empirical selection of antimicrobial therapy.

An evaluation of electromagnetic methods in the presence of geologic noise

Geophysics ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1106-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perry A. Eaton ◽  
Gerald W. Hohmann
Keyword(s):  
Half Space ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Intermediate Frequency ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Step Response ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Time Harmonic ◽  
Electromagnetic Methods ◽  
Noise Measurements

An important element of electromagnetic (EM) prospecting is survey design; numerical modeling algorithms may be used to calculate signal‐to‐geologic‐noise (S/N) ratios to compare different survey configurations and measured responses quantitatively. Our models consist of a prismatic three‐dimensional (3-D) target in a conductive half‐space which may contain an overburden conductor; the models are energized by a time‐varying current transmitted in a loop of wire. The signal is the scattered or anomalous response of the target, while the geologic noise is either the response of the half‐space or the anomalous response of the overburden conductor. For typical loop sizes in exploration, the coincident‐loop configuration has a relatively high S/N ratio and thus a relatively high capability to resolve the target in the case of half‐space noise. Measurements made with the horizontal‐loop, moving‐coil configuration can be just as effective if the coil separation is one and one‐half to two times the depth of burial of the target and the transmitting and receiving coils are on opposite sides of the target. For coil positions on one side of the target, the S/N ratio decreases with increasing separation. The advantage in resolving power provided by the coincident loop’s superior S/N ratio diminishes as the size of the loop increases. For the case of noise due to the overburden conductor, the horizontal‐loop configuration with a large coil separation is optimal. If the depth of the target is unknown, the fixed‐loop, roving‐receiver configuration is useful for detecting the target but poor in resolving its depth because its S/N ratio is the least sensitive to the depth. With the fixed‐loop configuration, galvanic effects enhance the detectability of the target in a conductive half‐space, but inhibit detection if an overburden conductor is present. Regarding the S/N ratio, there does not appear to be any advantage in measuring the step response of a 3-D target in a conductive environment versus measuring the impulse response. The shapes of their respective S/N anomalies are essentially the same and the maximum impulse S/N ratio is 10 to 30 percent larger than the maximum step S/N ratio, though it occurs later in time by a factor of about 1.7. Although transient S/N ratios for a 3-D target in a conductive host reach a maximum value and then decrease with increasing time, harmonic S/N ratios do not necessarily reach a maximum value at an intermediate frequency. For all three survey configurations and both types of noise, target depths, and half‐space conductivities studied here, maximum transient S/N ratios are larger than harmonic S/N ratios. Peak step S/N ratios are 30 to 50 percent larger than corresponding in‐phase ratios in the case of half‐space noise, and several times larger in the case of the overburden conductor. A phase rotation of the target’s response due to the conductive host appears to amplify the quadrature S/N ratio relative to the in‐phase S/N ratio. However, in‐phase S/N ratios are always much larger than quadrature S/N ratios over the range of host resistivities used in this study.

On representing sets of an almost disjoint family of sets

1987 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-393
Author(s):  
P. Komjath ◽  
E. C. Milner
Keyword(s):  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Disjoint Family ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Almost Disjoint ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Almost Disjoint Family

For cardinal numbers λ, K, ∑ a (λ, K)-family is a family of sets such that || = and |A| = K for every A ε , and a (λ, K, ∑)-family is a (λ,K)-family such that |∪| = ∑. Two sets A, B are said to be almost disjoint ifand an almost disjoint family of sets is a family whose members are pairwise almost disjoint. A representing set of a family is a set X ⊆ ∪ such that X ∩ A = ⊘ for each A ε . If is a family of sets and |∪| = ∑, then we write εADR() to signify that is an almost disjoint family of ∑-sized representing sets of . Also, we define a cardinal number

Number Forms in the Brain

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1547-1556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joey Tang ◽  
Jamie Ward ◽  
Brian Butterworth
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Number Magnitude ◽  
Neuroimaging Study ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Important Extension ◽  
Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Number Form

Mental images of number lines, Galton's “number forms” (NF), are a useful way of investigating the relation between number and space. Here we report the first neuroimaging study of number-form synesthesia, investigating 10 synesthetes with NFs going from left to right compared with matched controls. Neuroimaging with functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed no difference in brain activation during a task focused on number magnitude but, in a comparable task on number order, synesthetes showed additional activations in the left and right posterior intraparietal sulci, suggesting that NFs are essentially ordinal in nature. Our results suggest that there are separate but partially overlapping neural circuits for the processing of ordinal and cardinal numbers, irrespective of the presence of an NF, but a core region in the anterior intraparietal sulcus representing (cardinal) number meaning appears to be activated autonomously, irrespective of task. This article provides an important extension beyond previous studies that have focused on word-color or grapheme-color synesthesia.

Singular Cardinals and the PCF Theory

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 408-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Jech
Keyword(s):  
Set Theory ◽  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Natural Generalization ◽  
Large Cardinals ◽  
Infinite Cardinal ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Pcf Theory ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Singular Cardinals ◽  
The Rich

§1. Introduction. Among the most remarkable discoveries in set theory in the last quarter century is the rich structure of the arithmetic of singular cardinals, and its deep relationship to large cardinals. The problem of finding a complete set of rules describing the behavior of the continuum function 2ℵα for singular ℵα's, known as the Singular Cardinals Problem, has been attacked by many different techniques, involving forcing, large cardinals, inner models, and various combinatorial methods. The work on the singular cardinals problem has led to many often surprising results, culminating in a beautiful theory of Saharon Shelah called the pcf theory (“pcf” stands for “possible cofinalities”). The most striking result to date states that if 2ℵn < ℵω for every n = 0, 1, 2, …, then 2ℵω < ℵω4. In this paper we present a brief history of the singular cardinals problem, the present knowledge, and an introduction into Shelah's pcf theory. In Sections 2, 3 and 4 we introduce the reader to cardinal arithmetic and to the singular cardinals problems. Sections 5, 6, 7 and 8 describe the main results and methods of the last 25 years and explain the role of large cardinals in the singular cardinals problem. In Section 9 we present an outline of the pcf theory. §2. The arithmetic of cardinal numbers. Cardinal numbers were introduced by Cantor in the late 19th century and problems arising from investigations of rules of arithmetic of cardinal numbers led to the birth of set theory. The operations of addition, multiplication and exponentiation of infinite cardinal numbers are a natural generalization of such operations on integers. Addition and multiplication of infinite cardinals turns out to be simple: when at least one of the numbers κ, λ is infinite then both κ + λ and κ·λ are equal to max {κ, λ}. In contrast with + and ·, exponentiation presents fundamental problems. In the simplest nontrivial case, 2κ represents the cardinal number of the power set P(κ), the set of all subsets of κ. (Here we adopt the usual convention of set theory that the number κ is identified with a set of cardinality κ, namely the set of all ordinal numbers smaller than κ.

scholarly journals Comparing set-to-number and number-to-set measures of cardinal number knowledge in preschool children using latent variable modeling

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Mou ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Manuela Piazza ◽  
Daniel C. Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Level Performance ◽  
Number Knowledge

Children’s understanding of the cardinal numbers before entering school provides the foundation for formal mathematics learning. Two types of tasks have been primarily used to measure children’s knowledge of cardinal numbers: set-to-number and number-to-set tasks. However, there has been a continued debate as to whether the two types of tasks measure the same conceptual construct, allowing comparison and interchangeable use, or whether they measure different but related constructs. To answer this question, we analyzed the relation between task and item level performance on representative set-to-number (e.g., How-Many?) and number-to-set (Give-N) tasks in a large group of 3- to 4-year-old preschoolers (N = 204, median age = 3y 10m). By constructing and comparing models with different latent variable structures, we found that the best-fitting model was a bi-factor model, where performance on set-to-number and number-to-set tasks is best explained by both overlapping and some distinct aspects of cardinal number knowledge. Further analyses ruled out the idea that differences between tasks were due solely to non-numerical, general cognitive or language factors. Together these results suggest that set-to-number and number-to-set tasks have some commonalities but also retain at least some significant conceptual distinctness. Based on these results, we suggest these two types of tasks should no longer be used indiscriminately to inform theory or educational assessment of numerical abilities in preschool children.

scholarly journals τ-metrizable spaces

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
A.C. Megaritis
Keyword(s):  
Metric Space ◽  
Metric Spaces ◽  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Metrizable Space ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Metrizable Spaces

<p>In [1], A. A. Borubaev introduced the concept of τ-metric space, where τ is an arbitrary cardinal number. The class of τ-metric spaces as τ runs through the cardinal numbers contains all ordinary metric spaces (for τ = 1) and thus these spaces are a generalization of metric spaces. In this paper the notion of τ-metrizable space is considered.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document