High-Resolution Digital Elevation and Bathymetry Model for Tsunami Run-Up and Inundation Simulation in Penang

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (05n06) ◽  
pp. 1941001
Author(s):  
Su Yean Teh ◽  
Hock Lye Koh ◽  
Yong Hui Lim
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Topographic Maps ◽  
Seamless Integration ◽  
Topographic Data ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

Many beaches in Penang island were severely inundated by the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean mega tsunami with 57 deaths recorded. It is anticipated that the next big tsunami will cause even more damages to beaches in Penang. Hence, developing community resilience against the risks of the next tsunami is essential. Resilience entails many interlinked components, beginning with a good understanding of the inundation scenarios critical to community evacuation and resilience preparation. Inundation scenarios are developed from tsunami simulations involving all three phases of tsunami generation, propagation and run-up. Accurate and high-resolution bathymetric–topographic maps are essential for simulations of tsunami wave inundation along beaches. Bathymetric maps contain information on the depths of landforms below sea level while topographic maps reveal the elevation of landforms above sea level. Bathymetric and topographic datasets for Malaysia are, however, currently not integrated and are available separately and in different formats, not suitable for inundation simulations. Bathymetric data are controlled by the National Hydrographic Centre (NHC) of the Royal Malaysian Navy while topographic data are serviced by the Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM). It is highly desirable to have seamless integration of high-resolution bathymetric and topographic data for tsunami simulations and for other scientific studies. In this paper, we develop a robust method for integrating the NHC bathymetric and JUPEM topographic data into a regularly-spaced grid system essential for tsunami simulation. A primary objective of this paper is to develop the best Digital Elevation and Bathymetry Model (DEBM) for Penang based upon the most suitable and accurate interpolation method for integrating bathymetric and topographic data with minimal interpolation errors. We analyze four commonly used interpolation methods for generating gridded topographic and bathymetric surfaces, namely (i) Kriging, (ii) Multiquadric (MQ), (iii) Thin Plate Spline (TPS) and (iv) Inverse Distance to Power (IDP). The study illustrated that the Kriging interpolation method produces an integrated bathymetric and topographic surface that best approximates the admiralty nautical chart of Penang essential for tsunami run-up and inundation simulations. Tsunami inundation scenarios critical to risk analysis and mitigation could then be developed using this DEBM for various earthquake scenarios, as presented in this paper for the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.

scholarly journals The use of LIDAR as a data source for digital elevation models – a study of the relationship between the accuracy of digital elevation models and topographical attributes in northern peatlands

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 5497-5522 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hasan ◽  
P. Pilesjö ◽  
A. Persson
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Digital Elevation Models ◽  
Drainage Area ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Weighting Method ◽  
Dem Resolution ◽  
Coarse Resolution ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Topographical Attributes

Abstract. It is important to study the factors affecting estimates of wetness since wetness is crucial in climate change studies. The availability of digital elevation models (DEMs) generated with high resolution data is increasing, and their use is expanding. LIDAR earth elevation data have been used to create several DEMs with different resolutions, using various interpolation parameters, in order to compare the models with collected surface data. The aim is to study the accuracy of DEMs in relation to topographical attributes such as slope and drainage area, which are normally used to estimate the wetness in terms of topographic wetness indices. Evaluation points were chosen from the high-resolution LIDAR dataset at a maximum distance of 10 mm from the cell center for each DEM resolution studied, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 30 and 90 m. The interpolation method used was inverse distance weighting method with four search radii: 1, 2, 5 and 10 m. The DEM was evaluated using a quantile-quantile test and the normalized median absolute deviation. The accuracy of the estimated elevation for different slopes was tested using the DEM with 0.5 m resolution. Drainage areas were investigated at three resolutions, with coinciding evaluation points. The ability of the model to generate the drainage area at each resolution was obtained by pairwise comparison of three data subsets. The results show that the accuracy of the elevations obtained with the DEM model are the same for different resolutions, but vary with search radius. The accuracy of the values (NMAD of errors) varies from 29.7 mm to 88.9 mm, being higher for flatter areas. It was also found that the accuracy of the drainage area is highly dependent on DEM resolution. Coarse resolution yielded larger estimates of the drainage area but lower slope values. This may lead to overestimation of wetness values when using a coarse resolution DEM.

scholarly journals AMR-CIP computational framework for tsunami run-up on high resolution topography

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. I_283-I_288
Author(s):  
Yasunori WATANABE ◽  
Hitoshi TANAKA ◽  
Yuta MITOBE ◽  
Kazuya WATANABE
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Computational Framework ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

scholarly journals A method based on structure-from-motion photogrammetry to generate sub-millimetre-resolution digital elevation models for investigating rock breakdown features

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankit Kumar Verma ◽  
Mary Carol Bourke
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Structure From Motion ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Digital Elevation Models ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Weathered Rock ◽  
Topographic Data ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Dense Point

Abstract. We have generated sub-millimetre-resolution DEMs of weathered rock surfaces using SfM photogrammetry techniques. We apply a close-range method based on structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry in the field and use it to generate high-resolution topographic data for weathered boulders and bedrock. The method was pilot tested on extensively weathered Triassic Moenkopi sandstone outcrops near Meteor Crater in Arizona. Images were taken in the field using a consumer-grade DSLR camera and were processed in commercially available software to build dense point clouds. The point clouds were registered to a local 3-D coordinate system (x, y, z), which was developed using a specially designed triangle-coded control target and then exported as digital elevation models (DEMs). The accuracy of the DEMs was validated under controlled experimental conditions. A number of checkpoints were used to calculate errors. We also evaluated the effects of image and camera parameters on the accuracy of our DEMs. We report a horizontal error of 0.5 mm and vertical error of 0.3 mm in our experiments. Our approach provides a low-cost method for obtaining very high-resolution topographic data on weathered rock surfaces (area < 10 m2). The results from our case study confirm the efficacy of the method at this scale and show that the data acquisition equipment is sufficiently robust and portable. This is particularly important for field conditions in remote locations or steep terrain where portable and efficient methods are required.

Pre-landslide topographic reconstruction using a Digital Elevation Model from CaSSIS onboard the Trace Gas Orbiter.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Guimpier ◽  
Susan Conway ◽  
Maurizio Pajola ◽  
Alice Lucchetti ◽  
Emanuele Simioni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Resolution ◽  
Topographic Data ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Landslide Event ◽  
Imaging Science ◽  
Topographic Reconstruction

&lt;p&gt;Landslides are common features on the surface of Mars. They have morphologies that resemble debris slides, mudflows [1], or giant rock avalanches [e.g., 2] on Earth. They can mobilise large quantities of material up to 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; and spread over areas of up to 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; [e.g., 3].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The topography before the landslide event occurred is required to both estimate the volume of mobilised material and quantify the distribution and thickness of the deposit. The mass distribution of the deposit can also be used to compare with 3D flow simulations of landslides [e.g. 1, 3]. However, on Mars there are no landslides that have known topographic data before the event occurred, hence we have to rely on topographic reconstruction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This type of reconstruction, which we have already carried out using HiRISE (High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment) Digital Elevation Models (DEM) with 1-2 m vertical resolution [e.g., 1], has never been undertaken using DEMs with 4-5 m vertical resolution derived from CaSSIS (Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System) stereo pairs [4]. CaSSIS uses a 180&amp;#176; camera rotation to capture stereo images of a given site in a single pass. DEMs are then generated using 3DPD (three Dimensional reconstruction of Planetary Data) software [5].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our aim is to test whether a landslide reconstruction can be carried out with a CaSSIS DEM. For our purpose we use a 6&amp;#160;km long landslide in Baetis Chaos region, Mars.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our reconstruction consists of three main steps: 1) We first calculate contour lines. 2) Reconstructed contour lines are then drawn by connecting contour lines on either side of the boundary taking into account the overall topography outside the landslide. 3) Then, the reconstructed contour lines are converted into points at intervals equal to the spatial resolution of the DEM. These points are then interpolated using a natural neighbour algorithm to calculate a new DEM without the landslide. We were able to estimate that the landslide in Baetis Chaos has a volume of 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;#160;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; and the deposit has a maximum thickness of 200&amp;#160;m using CaSSIS data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our successful reconstruction using a CaSSIS DEM increases the potential coverage of high-resolution stereo-topographic data beyond those already available with CTX and/or HiRISE. The resolution CaSSIS DEMs fills a gap in the topographic data currently available for studying landslides. Landslides &gt; 15&amp;#160;km long can be studied with MOLA or HRSC data, and landslides &lt; 5 km long can be studied using HiRISE data. Now, landslides and other landforms 5-15&amp;#160;km can be studied using CaSSIS data with equivalent quality to CTX stereo-topography.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acknowledgement:&amp;#160;CaSSIS is a project of the University of Bern, with instrument hardware development supported by INAF/Astronomical Observatory of Padova&amp;#160;(ASI-INAF agreement n.2020-17-HH.0), and the Space Research Center (CBK) in Warsaw.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;References: [1] A. Guimpier et al. (In review) &lt;em&gt;PSS&lt;/em&gt;. [2] G. Magnarini et al. (2019) &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt;. [3] G.B. Crosta et al. (2018) &lt;em&gt;ESS&lt;/em&gt;, 5, 89&amp;#8211;119. [4] A. Lucas et al. (2014) &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt;. [5] E. Simioni et al. (In press) &lt;em&gt;PSS&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Examination of three practical run-up models for assessing tsunami impact on highly populated areas

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3107-3123 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Muhari ◽  
F. Imamura ◽  
S. Koshimura ◽  
J. Post
Keyword(s):  
Grid Cell ◽  
Roughness Coefficient ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Building Height ◽  
Topographic Data ◽  
Tsunami Risk ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Elevation Model ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

Abstract. This paper describes the examination of three practical tsunami run-up models that can be used to assess the tsunami impact on human beings in densely populated areas. The first of the examined models applies a uniform bottom roughness coefficient throughout the study area. The second uses a very detailed topographic data set that includes the building height information integrated on a Digital Elevation Model (DEM); and the third model utilizes different bottom roughness coefficients, depending on the type of land use and on the percentage of building occupancy on each grid cell. These models were compared with each other by taking the one with the most detailed topographic data (which is the second) as reference. The analysis was performed with the aim of identifying how specific features of high resolution topographic data can influence the tsunami run-up characteristics. Further, we promote a method to be used when very detailed topographic data is unavailable and discuss the related limitations. To this purpose we demonstrate that the effect of buildings on the tsunami flow can be well modeled by using an equivalent roughness coefficient if the topographic data has no information of building height. The results from the models have been utilized to quantify the tsunami impact by using the tsunami casualty algorithm. The models have been applied in Padang city, Indonesia, which is one of the areas with the highest potential of tsunami risk in the world.

scholarly journals Use of Digital Elevation Models to Map Out The Groundwater Resources Base Of Kuje Area to Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1207-1212
Author(s):  
J.O. Mephors ◽  
C.O. Ogunmuyiwa ◽  
O.S. Afolabi ◽  
C.F. Agbor ◽  
O.M. Ogoliegbune ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Digital Elevation Models ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Topographic Maps ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Elevation Model

This research work examined the use of digital elevation model in the evaluation of groundwater resources in Kuje Area, Nigeria. This was achieved through the acquisition of topographic maps, Digitization of the topographic maps which were glued and interpolated to generate Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and Mapping of groundwater potential areas using ArcGIS 9.2 and ArcView 3.2a software. Findings from this research show that the study area have elevations ranging from 333 m to 429 m above sea level with a moderate groundwater potential in areas with elevation ranging from 286 m and 333 m above sea level. Some areas also have ground water problem, these areas were classified as mountainous areas and are located at very high elevations. The rocky nature of the high elevated environment makes these areas have very little hope of assessing groundwater. It was suggested that government should properly monitor groundwater, inhabitants should be made to accept laws which will help them in the conservation of ground water resources and efforts should also be made by the government towards creating incentives that will encourage people to obey these laws, Conservation methods such as retardation of surface runoff, control of vegetation and groundwater withdrawal rates should be employed.

scholarly journals How does grid-resolution modulate the topographic expression of geomorphic processes?

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart W. D. Grieve ◽  
Simon M. Mudd ◽  
David T. Milodowski ◽  
Fiona J. Clubb ◽  
David J. Furbish
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
The United States ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Grid Resolution ◽  
Topographic Analysis ◽  
Topographic Data ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
D Values ◽  
Resolution Data

Abstract. In many locations, our ability to study the processes which shape the Earth are greatly enhanced through the use of high-resolution digital topographic data. However, although the availability of such datasets has markedly increased in recent years, many locations of significant geomorphic interest still do not have high-resolution topographic data available. Here, we aim to constrain how well we can understand surface processes through topographic analysis performed on lower-resolution data. We generate digital elevation models from point clouds at a range of grid resolutions from 1 to 30 m, which covers the range of widely used data resolutions available globally, at three locations in the United States. Using these data, the relationship between curvature and grid resolution is explored, alongside the estimation of the hillslope sediment transport coefficient (D, in m2 yr−1) for each landscape. Curvature, and consequently D, values are shown to be generally insensitive to grid resolution, particularly in landscapes with broad hilltops and valleys. Curvature distributions, however, become increasingly condensed around the mean, and theoretical considerations suggest caution should be used when extracting curvature from landscapes with sharp ridges. The sensitivity of curvature and topographic gradient to grid resolution are also explored through analysis of one-dimensional approximations of curvature and gradient, providing a theoretical basis for the results generated using two-dimensional topographic data. Two methods of extracting channels from topographic data are tested. A geometric method of channel extraction that finds channels by detecting threshold values of planform curvature is shown to perform well at resolutions up to 30 m in all three landscapes. The landscape parameters of hillslope length and relief are both successfully extracted at the same range of resolutions. These parameters can be used to detect landscape transience and our results suggest that such work need not be confined to high-resolution topographic data. A synthesis of the results presented in this work indicates that although high-resolution (e.g., 1 m) topographic data do yield exciting possibilities for geomorphic research, many key parameters can be understood in lower-resolution data, given careful consideration of how analyses are performed.

scholarly journals How does grid-resolution modulate the topographic expression of geomorphic processes?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart W. D. Grieve ◽  
Simon M. Mudd ◽  
David T. Milodowski ◽  
Fiona J. Clubb ◽  
David J. Furbish
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
The United States ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Grid Resolution ◽  
Topographic Analysis ◽  
Topographic Data ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
D Values ◽  
Resolution Data

Abstract. In many locations, our ability to study the processes which shape the Earth are greatly enhanced through the use of high resolution digital topographic data. However, although the availability of such datasets has markedly increased in recent years, many locations of significant geomorphic interest still do not have high resolution topographic data available. Here, we aim to constrain how well we can understand surface processes through topographic analysis performed on lower resolution data. We generate digital elevation models from point clouds at a range of grid sizes from 1 to 30 m, which covers the range of widely used data resolutions available globally, at three locations in the United States. Using this data, the relationship between curvature and grid resolution is explored, alongside the estimation of the hillslope sediment transport coefficient (D, in m2 yr−1) for each landscape. Curvature, and consequently D, values are shown to be generally insensitive to grid resolution, particularly in landscapes with broad hilltops and valleys. Curvature distributions, however, become increasingly condensed around the mean, and theoretical considerations suggest caution should be used when extracting curvature from landscapes with sharp ridges. Two methods of extracting channels from topographic data are tested. A geometric method of channel extraction that finds channels by detecting threshold values of planform curvature is shown to perform well at resolutions up to 30 m in all three landscapes. The landscape parameters of hillslope length and relief are both successfully extracted at the same range of resolutions. These parameters can be used to detect landscape transience and our results suggest that such work need not be confined to high resolution topographic data. A synthesis of the results presented in this work indicate that although high resolution (e.g., 1 m) topographic data does yield exciting possibilities for geomorphic research, many key parameters can be understood in lower resolution data, given careful consideration of how analyses are performed.

scholarly journals TSUNAMI RUN-UP SIMULATION BY ISPH METHOD WITH HIGH RESOLUTION GEOMETRICAL MODELING

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. I_622-I_629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke FUJIMOTO ◽  
Mitsuteru ASAI ◽  
Masaharu ISSHIKI ◽  
Hiroshi TATESAWA ◽  
Tsutomu MIKAMI
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Geometrical Modeling ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

scholarly journals The Run up Tsunami Modeling in Bengkulu using the Spatial Interpolation of Kriging Technique

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulian Fauzi ◽  
Suwarsono Suwarsono ◽  
Zulfia Memi Mayasari
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
Kriging Interpolation ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
Kriging Interpolation Method ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
The City ◽  
Flooded Areas

This research aims to design a tsunami hazard zone with the scenario of tsunami run-up height variation based on land use, slope and distance from the shoreline. The method used in this research is spatial modelling with GIS via Ordinary Kriging interpolation technique. Kriging interpolation method that is the best in this study is shown by Circular Kriging method with good semivariogram and RMSE values which are small compared to other RMSE kriging methods. The results shows that the area affected by the tsunami inundation run-up height, slope and land use. In the run-up to 30 meters, flooded areas are about 3,148.99 hectares or 20.7% of the total area of the city of Bengkulu.

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