scholarly journals Laser Induced Temperature Perturbation on Ultramicroelectrodes: Unsupported Solutions in Nonaqueous Methanol

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvador Gutierrez-Portocarrero ◽  
Pradeep Subedi ◽  
Mario A. Alpuche-Aviles
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
High Resistivity ◽  
Temperature Perturbation ◽  
Colloidal Systems ◽  
Steady State Current ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Electron Transfer Processes

Abstract Temperature dependence studies of electrochemical parameters provide insight into electron transfer processes. In cases where adding excess electrolyte experimental causes complications colloidal systems, organic or biological samples it is preferable to deal with the high resistivity of the medium. We validate the use of unsupported and weakly supported solutions in thermoelectrochemical experiments. The temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient allows calibration of the steady-state current to measure changes when a continuous wave (CW) ultraviolet laser, λ=325 nm, illuminates an ultramicroelectrode (UME) from the front. Calibrating the steady-state current ratios before and after heating with a thermostatic bath allows temperature measurements within an accuracy of 0.6 K. The solutions are without supporting electrolytes in methanol, a volatile solvent, and we use a model that accurately describes the viscosity and temperature dependence of the solvent. We calculated the temperature and derived an equation to estimate the temperature measurement error. A numeric method yields satisfactory results, considering the changes for both diffusion coefficients and viscosity explicitly, and predict the thermostatic temperature bath, agreeing with the theoretical model's error. In unsupported solutions, the ferrocene diffusion coefficient and the iodide apparent diffusion coefficient follow the expected increase with temperature. Under CW laser illumination ΔT=4±1 K.

scholarly journals Transient Current Density in a Pair of Long Parallel Conductors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6920
Author(s):  
Oldřich Coufal
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Circular Cross Section ◽  
Transient Current ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Voltage Source ◽  
Sinusoidal Voltage ◽  
Steady State Current ◽  
Maximum Current

Two infinitely long parallel conductors of arbitrary cross section connected to a voltage source form a loop. If the source voltage depends on time, then due to induction there is no constant current density in the loop conductors. It is only recently that a method has been published for accurately calculating current density in a group of long parallel conductors. The method has thus far been applied to the calculation of steady-state current density in a loop connected to a sinusoidal voltage source. In the present article, the method is used for an accurate calculation of transient current using transient current density. The transient current is analysed when connecting and short-circuiting the sources of sinusoidal, constant and sawtooth voltages. For circular cross section conductors, the dependences of maximum current density, maximum current and the time of achieving steady state on the source frequency, the distance of the conductors and their resistivity when connecting the source of sinusoidal voltage are examined.

Equivalent magnetization approach for calculating magnetic fields of localized steady‐state current distributions

1991 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basilio Carrascal ◽  
Gentil A. Estévez ◽  
Vicente Lorenzo
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Current Distributions ◽  
Steady State Current

scholarly journals Safety and Effectiveness of Additional Apical Preparation using a Rotary Heat-treated Nickel–Titanium file with Larger Diameter and Minimum Taper in Retreatment of Curved Root Canals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jader Camilo Pinto ◽  
Fernanda Ferrari Esteves Torres ◽  
Airton Oliveira Santos-Junior ◽  
Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte ◽  
Juliane Maria Guerreiro-Tanomaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Resistance ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Cyclic Fatigue ◽  
Nickel Titanium ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Filling Materials ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Curved Root Canals

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of additional apical preparation using the ProDesign Logic (PDL) 50/.01 rotary heat-treated nickel–titanium (NiTi) file with a larger diameter and minimal taper for retreatment of curved root canals. Materials and Methods Mesial curved root canals of 12 mandibular molars were prepared using PDL 25/.06 and filled using the continuous wave of condensation technique and AH Plus sealer. After retreatment using ProDesign S (PDS) 25/.08, PDL 25/.06 and PDL 35/05, a complementary procedure was performed with PDL 50/.01. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) scanning was performed before and after retreatment procedures. The cyclic fatigue resistance of unused PDS 25/.08, PDL 25/.06, PDL 35/.05 and PDL 50/.01 instruments (n = 12) was evaluated in a stainless-steel device. Statistical Analysis Data on the volumes of the root canals and the remaining filling materials were submitted to the paired t-test. Cyclic fatigue resistance data was submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (α = 0.05). Results Use of PDL 50/.01 decreased the remaining filling materials in the apical third (p < 0.05). The root canal volume was similar in the cervical and middle thirds before and after preparation using PDL 50/.01 (p > 0.05). PDL 50/.01 presented the highest cyclic fatigue resistance (p < 0.05). Conclusions Use of the PDL 50/.01 instrument as an additional apical preparation for retreatment of curved root canals improved filling material removal in the apical third, while maintaining the dentin in the cervical and middle thirds. In addition, PDL 50/.01 presented high-flexural resistance.

Evaluation of extraocular muscles in patients with thyroid associated ophthalmopathy using apparent diffusion coefficient measured by magnetic resonance imaging before and after radiation therapy

2021 ◽  
pp. 028418512110340
Author(s):  
Wu Yu ◽  
Lao Zheng ◽  
Zhang Shuo ◽  
Liu Xingtong ◽  
Jiang Mengda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Apparent Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Extraocular Muscles ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
Inferior Rectus ◽  
Thyroid Associated Ophthalmopathy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Apparent Diffusion ◽  
The Mean

Background Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune orbital disease characterized by edema of extraocular muscles (EOMs). Purpose To characterize the inflammation of EOMs in patients with TAO before and after radiation therapy using apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and to analyze the correlation between ADC and clinical activity of TAO. Material and Methods The ADCs of superior rectus (SR), inferior rectus (IR), medial rectus (MR), and lateral rectus (LR) muscles were measured in 52 eyes of 26 patients with TAO before and three months after orbital radiation therapy. In addition, 38 eyes of 20 healthy volunteers were included. The clinical activity score (CAS) was evaluated. The ADC maps were reconstructed and measured on the coronal diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequence and calculated in mm2/s. Results The mean ADCs of EOMs before treatment were 1.42 ± 0.23 in SR, 1.37 ± 0.23 in IR, 1.41 ± 0.21 in MR, and 1.28 ± 0.25 in LR. The mean ADCs after treatment were 1.27 ± 0.18, 1.22 ± 0.26, 1.30 ± 0.22, and 1.15 ± 0.21, respectively. The ADCs were significantly decreased after treatment (all P < 0.001). The ADCs of patients with TAO were significantly higher than those of controls. There was a statistically significant correlation between the mean ADCs and the CAS in each patient with TAO both before and after treatment (before: r = 0.520; P < 0.001; after: r = 0.625; P < 0.001). Conclusion The ADC values of EOMs can be exploited as a quantitative indicator to evaluate the clinical activity and monitor the therapeutic responses of patients with TAO.

scholarly journals Redox mediation at poly(o-aminophenol) coated electrodes: Mechanistic diagnosis from steady state polarization curves

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Ybarra ◽  
Carlos Moina ◽  
María Inés Florit ◽  
Dionisio Posadas
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Polarization Curve ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Steady State Current ◽  
Thermodynamical Parameters ◽  
Reduction And Oxidation ◽  
Mediated Reduction ◽  
Coated Electrodes ◽  
Current Potential ◽  
Potential Curves

<p class="PaperAbstract"><span lang="EN-US">In this work, the mediated reduction and oxidation of Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub><sup>3-/4-</sup> and Fe<sup>3+ </sup>in poly(o-aminophenol) coated electrodes is analyzed by means of diagnosis diagram based on the features of steady state current-potential curves. This analysis allows to identify the current determining process and to reproduce the experimental characteristics of the polarization curve from the relevant kinetic and thermodynamical parameters with a minimum amount of experimental measurements. </span></p>

The Study of Dynamic Response to Acute Hemorrhage by Pulse Spectrum Analysis

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (03) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Hsin Chang ◽  
Chia I Tsai ◽  
Jaung Geng Lin ◽  
Yue Der Lin ◽  
Tsai Chung Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Pulse Spectrum ◽  
Acute Hemorrhage ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
Before And After

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) holds that Blood and Qi are fundamental substances in the human body for sustaining normal vital activity. The theory of Qi, Blood and Zang-Fu contribute the most important theoretical basis of human physiology in TCM. An animal model using conscious rats was employed in this study to further comprehend how organisms survive during acute hemorrhage by maintaining the functionalities of Qi and Blood through dynamically regulating visceral physiological conditions. Pulse waves of arterial blood pressure before and after the hemorrhage were taken in parallel to pulse spectrum analysis. Percentage differences of mean arterial blood pressure and harmonics were recorded in subsequent 5-minute intervals following the hemorrhage. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Duncan's test for pairwise comparisons. Results showed that, within 30 minutes following the onset of acute hemorrhage,the reduction of mean arterial blood pressure was improved from 62% to 20%. Throughout the process, changes to the pulse spectrum appeared to result in a new balance over time. The percentage differences of the second and third harmonics, which were related to kidney and spleen, both increased significantly than baseline and towards another steady state. Apart from the steady state resulting from the previous stage, the percentage difference of the 4th harmonic decreased significantly to another steady state. The observed change could be attributed to the induction of functional Qi, and is a result of Qi-Blood balancing activity that organisms hold to survive against acute bleeding.

Exploration of an Electroactive Polymer as an Actuator for Microrobotics

2003 ◽  
Vol 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bielmeier ◽  
W. Walter
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Parallel Plate ◽  
Electroactive Polymers ◽  
Electroactive Polymer ◽  
Low Power Consumption ◽  
Parallel Plate Capacitor ◽  
Steady State Current ◽  
A Current ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTThe development of lightweight low power consumption actuators is critical to the development of micro-robotics. Electroactive Polymers (EAP), i.e. Nafion N-117, meet these requirements. In the actuation of an EAP, the current does not remain constant over time. The development of a circuit model of current draw over time to best predict a current dynamic has been explored. While the material mimics a parallel plate capacitor, it has been found that capacitance plays no role in achieving steady state current levels. This development is critical to understanding and developing the material as an actuator.

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