Effect of continuous feeding on maternal protein metabolism and fetal growth in the rat

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (6) ◽  
pp. E852-E862
Author(s):  
P. R. Ling ◽  
B. R. Bistrian ◽  
G. L. Blackburn ◽  
N. Istfan
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Maternal Contribution ◽  
Fetal Size ◽  
Continuous Feeding ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Accelerated maternal catabolism ensures adequate fetal growth in the postabsorptive pregnant mammal during late gestation. However, the relative importance of maternal stores and diet in supplying nutrient requirements to the fetus is unknown. We have measured rates of protein synthesis and breakdown in maternal and fetal tissues during continuous intravenous feeding on days 17 and 20 in the rat, using leucine tracer infusions. Nutrient solutions supplying 180 and 250 kcal.kg-1.day-1 were tested. Changes in fetal size were measured in these rats and in rats maintained on ad libitum chow feeding. In comparison to previous results in the postabsorptive rat, leucine flux from endogenous sources into plasma was significantly suppressed, with only 12-20% of circulating leucine derived from maternal tissues. Muscle protein catabolism (previously described on day 20 of gestation) was abolished with continuous feeding. Fetal growth rate averaged 46%/day on day 17 of gestation in all groups but was reduced to 12%/day on day 20 in the rats intravenously fed 180 kcal.kg-1.day-1 and 22%/day in the rats fed 250 kcal.kg-1.day-1. Fetal growth on day 20 in the rats fed rat chow ad libitum was unaffected. We conclude that by decreasing the maternal contribution to circulating nutrients, continuous intravenous feeding may adversely affect fetal growth in late pregnancy. The findings in the current study underline the physiological importance of maternal-fetal nutrient exchange.

Effects of maternal nutrition during pregnancy on fetal growth and maternal constraint in sheep

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 524 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. C. Jenkinson ◽  
A. K. Earl ◽  
P. R. Kenyon ◽  
H. T. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Physical Constraint ◽  
Nutritional Treatment ◽  
Offspring Development ◽  
Fetal Size ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Nutritional Level

This study set out to determine the stage of gestation at which maternal constraint on fetal growth occurs and whether pregnancy nutritional level could alleviate that constraint. One-hundred and thirty-eight Cheviot (C) and 114 Suffolk (S) ewes were split into two groups and bred with either 12 S or 12 C rams to generate four ewe/fetal groups CC (C dam and C sire), CSinC (crossbred fetus in C ewe), CSinS, and SS. At Day 21 of pregnancy (P21), half of the ewes in each of the four groups were randomly allocated to either a maintenance (M) or ad libitum (A) nutritional treatment, under pastoral grazing conditions. At P100, a subgroup of singleton-bearing ewes including ewes from all four groups (n = 55 in total) were euthanised (Study 1). Maternal, placental and fetal weights and sizes were recorded. The remaining ewes were fed to appetite from P140 and were allowed to lamb (n = 114 in total, Study 2) and lamb liveweights were recorded within 12 h of birth and at average days 30 and 100 (L30, L100) of lactation. In both studies, M ewes were lighter (P < 0.05) than A ewes, and CC and CSinC ewes were lighter (P < 0.05) than CSinS and SS ewes. In Study 1, maternal nutritional treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on fetal bodyweight although fetuses from A ewes had heavier (P < 0.05) livers, spleens and thyroids than fetuses from M ewes. CC and CSinC fetuses were lighter (P < 0.01) than both CSinS and SS fetuses. In Study 2, lambs born to M ewes were lighter (P < 0.05) at birth and at L100 than lambs born to A ewes. CC lambs were lighter (P < 0.01) than CSinC, CSinS and SS lambs at birth. At L30 and L100, CC lambs were lighter (P < 0.05) than CSinC lambs, which, in turn, were lighter (P < 0.05) than both CSinS and SS lambs, which did not differ (P > 0.05). Combined, these studies indicate that maternal nutrition may have little impact on singleton-offspring development until late gestation while, in contrast, dam size affected fetal size by the end of the second trimester. These data suggest that the C ewe constrains the growth of the crossbred fetus well before a ‘physical’ constraint would be expected.

The effects of offering a concentrate or grass silage based diet to twin-bearing ewes in late pregnancy on ewe and lamb performance

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 121-121
Author(s):  
T.M. Boland ◽  
L. Hayes ◽  
J.J. Murphy ◽  
J.J. Callan ◽  
T.F. Crosby
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Dietary Requirements ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Single Farm Payment

Approximately 75% of ewes are housed in Ireland for some portion of the winter, normally the late gestation period. This coincides with a large increase in dietary requirements, with 80% of lamb birth weight laid down in the final two months of gestation (Robinson, 1990) and also udder development during this period. Traditionally, these nutritional requirements were met by feeding grass silage ad libitum and supplementing with concentrates on a stepped rate with advancing pregnancy. With the introduction of the decoupled single farm payment and an ever-decreasing labour supply, sheep producers are looking for financially attractive, low labour alternatives and a concentrate based diet may be one such alternative. The objectives of this experiment were to compare an all concentrate diet supplemented with different fibre sources with the standard silage based diet supplemented with concentrates on feed intake, ewe performance and lamb growth to weaning.

scholarly journals Maternal nutrient restriction in late pregnancy programs postnatal metabolism and pituitary development in beef heifers

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249924
Author(s):  
John M. Long ◽  
Levi A. Trubenbach ◽  
Kenneth C. Hobbs ◽  
Andrew E. Poletti ◽  
Chelsie B. Steinhauser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Ad Libitum

Maternal undernutrition during pregnancy followed by ad libitum access to nutrients during postnatal life induces postnatal metabolic disruptions in multiple species. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate postnatal growth, metabolism, and development of beef heifers exposed to late gestation maternal nutrient restriction. Pregnancies were generated via transfer of in vitro embryos produced using X-bearing sperm from a single Angus sire. Pregnant dams were randomly assigned to receive either 100% (control; n = 9) or 70% (restricted; n = 9) of their total energy requirements from gestational day 158 to parturition. From post-natal day (PND) 301 until slaughter (PND485), heifers were individually fed ad libitum in a Calan gate facility. Calves from restricted dams were lighter than controls at birth (P<0.05) through PND70 (P<0.05) with no difference in body weight from PND105 through PND485 (P>0.10). To assess pancreatic function, glucose tolerance tests were performed on PND315 and PND482 and a diet effect was seen with glucose area under the curve being greater (P<0.05) in calves born to restricted dams compared to controls. At slaughter, total internal fat was greater (P<0.05) in heifers born to restricted dams, while whole pituitary weight was lighter (P<0.05). Heifers from restricted dams had fewer growth hormone-positive cells (somatotrophs) compared to controls (P<0.05). Results demonstrate an impaired ability to clear peripheral glucose in heifers born to restricted dams leading to increased deposition of internal fat. A reduction in the number of somatotrophs may contribute to the adipogenic phenotype of heifers born to restricted dams due to growth hormone’s known anabolic roles in growth, lipolysis, and pancreatic islet function.

scholarly journals Regulation of placental nutrient transport and implications for fetal growth

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W Bell ◽  
Richard A Ehrhardt
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Nutrient Transport ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Placental Transport ◽  
Specific Transport

AbstractFetal macronutrient requirements for oxidative metabolism and growth are met by placental transport of glucose, amino acids, and, to a lesser extent that varies with species, fatty acids. It is becoming possible to relate the maternal–fetal transport kinetics of these molecules in vivo to the expression and distribution of specific transporters among placental cell types and subcellular membrane fractions. This is most true for glucose transport, although apparent inconsistencies among data on the roles and relative importance of the predominant placenta glucose transporters, GLUT-1 and GLUT-3, remain to be resolved. The quantity of macronutrients transferred to the fetus from the maternal bloodstream is greatly influenced by placental metabolism, which results in net consumption of large amounts of glucose and, to a lesser extent, amino acids. The pattern of fetal nutrient supply is also altered considerably by placental conversion of glucose to lactate and, in some species, fructose, and extensive transamination of amino acids. Placental capacity for transport of glucose and amino acids increases with fetal demand as gestation advances through expansion of the exchange surface area and increased expression of specific transport molecules. In late pregnancy, transport capacity is closely related to placental size and can be modified by maternal nutrition. Preliminary evidence suggests that placental expression and function of specific transport proteins are influenced by extracellular concentrations of nutrients and endocrine factors, but, in general, the humoral regulation of placental capacity for nutrient transport is poorly understood. Consequences of normal and abnormal development of placental transport functions for fetal growth, especially during late gestation, and, possibly, for fetal programming of postnatal disorders, are discussed.

Effect of conception date and hind nutrition on fetal growth trajectory and gestation length of red deer (Cervus elaphus)

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. Scott ◽  
G. W. Asher ◽  
N. Jopson ◽  
N. Cox ◽  
J. A. Archer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third ◽  
Conception Date ◽  
Ad Libitum

This study tested the hypothesis that the negative association between gestation length and conception date in red deer is mediated by nutrition. Twenty-eight pregnant red deer were randomly allocated to four groups according to a 2 × 2 factorial design, with the factors conception date (14 March, E; 28 April, L) and level of nutrition (ad libitum, H; restricted, R). Animals were housed indoors in individual pens from early winter until calving and offered daily an ad libitum pelleted ration. The daily ration was then restricted from late winter in ER (134 days post-conception) and LR (89 days post-conception) groups, so that these hinds did not experience a seasonal increase in food intake. X-Ray computed tomography scans were taken at Days 120, 150, 180 and 210 of gestation (mid–late gestation) to estimate weight of various conceptus components. Growth rate of the total fetus was significantly higher in LH than in other treatments (P < 0.01) between Days 180 and 210 of gestation. Birthweight was not significantly different (P > 0.05) between treatments or calf sex. Birthweight was associated directly with change in hind liveweight (P = 0.03) and body condition score during the third trimester of pregnancy (P = 0.01), but was not significantly associated with gestation length (P = 0.34). Gestation length was 4.4 days longer in LR than LH hinds (P = 0.03) and was negatively associated with both food intake (P = 0.03) and LW gain (P = 0.02) during the final trimester of gestation. Feeding late-conceiving hinds an ad libitum diet of high-quality food during the third trimester of gestation maximises fetal growth and shortens gestation length.

scholarly journals Maternal psychological distress and fetal growth trajectories: The Generation R Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Henrichs ◽  
J. J. Schenk ◽  
S. J. Roza ◽  
M. P. van den Berg ◽  
H. G. Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Maternal Distress ◽  
Maternal Psychological Distress ◽  
Fetal Size

BackgroundPrevious research suggests, though not consistently, that maternal psychological distress during pregnancy leads to adverse birth outcomes. We investigated whether maternal psychological distress affects fetal growth during the period of mid-pregnancy until birth.MethodPregnant women (n=6313) reported levels of psychological distress using the Brief Symptom Inventory (anxious and depressive symptoms) and the Family Assessment Device (family stress) at 20.6 weeks pregnancy and had fetal ultrasound measurements in mid- and late pregnancy. Estimated fetal weight was calculated using head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length.ResultsIn mid-pregnancy, maternal distress was not linked to fetal size. In late pregnancy, however, anxious symptoms were related to fetal size after controlling for potential confounders. Anxious symptoms were also associated with a 37.73 g [95% confidence interval (CI) −69.22 to −6.25, p=0.019] lower birth weight. When we related maternal distress to fetal growth curves using multilevel models, more consistent results emerged. Maternal symptoms of anxiety or depression were associated with impaired fetal weight gain and impaired fetal head and abdominal growth. For example, depressive symptoms reduced fetal weight gain by 2.86 g (95% CI −4.48 to −1.23, p<0.001) per week.ConclusionsThe study suggests that, starting in mid-pregnancy, fetal growth can be affected by different aspects of maternal distress. In particular, children of prenatally anxious mothers seem to display impaired fetal growth patterns during pregnancy. Future work should address the biological mechanisms underlying the association of maternal distress with fetal development and focus on the effects of reducing psychological distress in pregnancy.

scholarly journals 27 Defining a robust sow: swine nutrition perspective on reproduction and lactation

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 13-13
Author(s):  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Embryo Survival

Abstract Improvements in modern sow prolificacy have markedly increased the number of pigs weaned, thus the ability of sows to provide nutrients to support fetal growth and milk production has been enhanced. The goals of the gestation nutrition program consist of meeting the nutrient requirements for maintenance and growth and for adequate conceptus development, while managing body condition. Early gestation represents the best opportunity for replenishing body reserves, whereas in late gestation, both estimated protein deposition and energy requirement are exponentially increased and directed towards fetal growth and mammary development. Increased feed intake after breeding has been presumed to be detrimental to embryo survival; however, data with modern line sows demonstrates to feed thin sows to recover body condition as quickly as possible while avoiding feed deprivation immediately after breeding. Importance of body condition scoring remains unchanged: feed thin sows to bring back to adequate body condition and prevent over-conditioned sows at farrowing. A recent meta-analysis showed increasing late gestation feed intake seems to modestly improve piglet birth weight by 28 g per piglet in gilts and sows. Also, recent findings in gestating sows suggest modern genotypes have improved feed efficiency and propensity for growth. Therefore, increasing energy intake during late gestation has a modest effect on piglet birth weight and a negative effect on stillborn rate. Historically, lactation catabolism impacted subsequent reproductive performance of sows, particularly in first-parity. However, contemporary sows appear to be increasingly resistant to the negative effects of lactational catabolism. Even so, continued emphasis on maximizing lactation feed intake is critical to support milk production and prevent excessive lean tissue mobilization. Research data suggests that ad libitum feeding and offering lactation diets during the wean-to-estrus interval is not needed. Modern genetic sow lines appear to be more robust from a nutritional perspective than in the past.

Blunted fetal growth by tenofovir in late pregnancy

AIDS ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 2119-2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ei Kinai ◽  
Shinichi Hosokawa ◽  
Hideto Gomibuchi ◽  
Hiroyuki Gatanaga ◽  
Yoshimi Kikuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Late Pregnancy

scholarly journals Blood Biomarkers of Late Pregnancy Exposure to Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water and Fetal Growth Measures and Gestational Age in a Chinese Cohort

2016 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Cheng Cao ◽  
Qiang Zeng ◽  
Yan Luo ◽  
Hai-Xia Chen ◽  
Dong-Yue Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Blood Biomarkers ◽  
Chinese Cohort

Effects of nutrition in late pregnancy on subsequent milk production in Ewes

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Total Birth ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARY1. Scottish Half-bred ewes carrying twin foetuses were fed individually to make live-weight gains in the last six weeks of pregnancy of (1) 20%, (2) 10% and (3) 0% of their live weight in week 14 of pregnancy. In lactation the ewes were fed ad libitum. The lambs were removed 12 to 16 hr after parturition and the ewes were machine-milked twice daily for the first six weeks of lactation.2. Total birth weights per ewe of twin lambs from the treatments were (1) 10·10 kg, (2) 9·44 kg and (3) 8·18 kg and differed significantly.3. The level and pattern of voluntary intake in lactation did not differ significantly between the treatments. Total dry-matter intakes in the six weeks of lactation were (1) 121·9 kg (2) 105·9 kg and (3) 109·5 kg.4. The pregnancy treatments affected the level of milk production and the shape of lactation curves. The total yields in the first six weeks of lactation were (1) 58·8 kg, (2) 43·5 kg and (3) 26·9 kg. Higher contents of fat and protein and the lower content of lactose in the milk from treatment-3 ewes on days 1 and 3 of lactation indicated a slower onset of lactation in these ewes. Between days 7 and 35 of lactation the contents of fat and SNF were lowest on treatment 3 but the differences were not significant.5. The live-weight changes in lactation, which were in inverse order to the gains in late pregnancy, were (1) 3·4 kg, (2) 5·5 kg and (3) 9·5 kg.

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