scholarly journals Demonstration of an early and a late phase of ischemic preconditioning in mice

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (4) ◽  
pp. H1375-H1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiru Guo ◽  
Wen-Jian Wu ◽  
Yumin Qiu ◽  
Xian-Liang Tang ◽  
Zequan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infarct Size ◽  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Murine Model ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Base Balance

It is unknown whether ischemic preconditioning (PC; either early or late) occurs in the mouse. The goal of this study was to answer this question and to develop a reliable and physiologically relevant murine model of both early and late ischemic PC. A total of 201 mice were used. In nonpreconditioned open-chest animals subjected to 30 min of coronary occlusion followed by 24 h of reperfusion, infarct size (tetrazolium staining) averaged 52% of the region at risk. When the 30-min occlusion was performed 10 min after a PC protocol consisting of six cycles of 4-min occlusion and 4-min reperfusion, infarct size was reduced by 75%, indicating an early PC effect. When the 30-min occlusion was performed 24 h after the same PC protocol, infarct size was reduced by 48%, indicating a late PC effect. In mice in which the 30-min occlusion was followed by 4 h of reperfusion, infarct size was similar to that observed after 24 h of reperfusion, indicating that a 4-h reperfusion interval is sufficient to detect the final extent of cell death in this model. Fundamental physiological variables (body temperature, arterial oxygenation, acid-base balance, heart rate, and arterial pressure) were measured and found to be within normal limits. Taken together, these results demonstrate that, in the mouse, a robust infarct-sparing effect occurs during both the early and the late phases of ischemic PC, although the early phase is more powerful. This murine model is physiologically relevant, provides reliable measurements, and should be useful for elucidating the cellular mechanisms of ischemic PC in genetically engineered animals.

scholarly journals Biochemical Correlations in Peritoneal Sepsis in Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 3062-3064
Author(s):  
Cristina Serban ◽  
Dorel Firescu ◽  
Laura Rebegea ◽  
Corina Palivan Manole ◽  
Dragos Voicu
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Acute Peritonitis ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Severity Degree

The biochemical analysis in acute peritonitis follows the assessment of the objective severity degree sustained by endotoxicosis, homeostasis disorders and acid-base balance. We had monitored the biochemical peculiarities and correlations in acute peritonitis in children during a retrospective study statistically analyzed on a group of 127 patients in the period 2009-2014. The obtained results were consistent with the form and late phase of peritonitis.

Abstract 213: The Late Phase of Ischemic Preconditioning Is Abrogated by a Specific Prostaglandin I2 Receptor Antagonist

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiru Guo ◽  
Steven P Jones ◽  
Wei Tan ◽  
Xiaoping Zhu ◽  
Wen-Jian Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infarct Size ◽  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Ip Receptor ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion

Previous studies have shown that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mediates the late phase of ischemic preconditioning (PC) by producing various cardioprotective prostanoids including prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) and prostaglandin (PG) E 2 (PGE 2 ). Prostanoids are known to act via activation of specific receptors. However, the specific PG receptors responsible for the salubrious actions of COX-2 in PC and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury remain unclear. The PGI 2 receptor (IP) mediates the actions of PGI 2 and PGE 2 , the two major COX-2-derived prostanoids with cardioprotective properties. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to determine the role of the IP in late PC. C57BL/6 mice underwent a 30-min coronary occlusion (O) followed by 24 h of reperfusion (R). Administration of the IP receptor selective antagonist, RO 3244794 (group III, 10 mg/kg i.p.), 30 min prior to the 30-min O had no appreciable effect on infarct size compared with untreated and vehicle-treated groups (68.4 ± 1.2 % vs. 63.3 ± 3.1 % and 65.6 ± 3.9 % of the risk region, respectively). When mice were preconditioned with six cycles of 4-min O/4-min R 24 h prior to the 30-min O, infarct size was markedly reduced (group IV, 33.2 ± 2.9 %), indicating a late PC effect. In the vehicle-treated late PC group, infarct size (group V, 37.2 ± 4.9 %) was similar to the late PC group, indicating the vehicle had no effect. However, the protective effect of late PC was completely abrogated by administration of RO 3244794 30 min before the 30-min O (group VI, 63.8 ± 4.5 %). We conclude that the IP receptor is an obligatory mediator of the late phase of ischemic PC in vivo , suggesting that pharmacologic manipulations of this receptor may be therapeutically useful.

HSP70.1 and -70.3 are required for late-phase protection induced by ischemic preconditioning of mouse hearts

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (2) ◽  
pp. H866-H874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig R. Hampton ◽  
Akira Shimamoto ◽  
Christine L. Rothnie ◽  
Jeaneatte Griscavage-Ennis ◽  
Albert Chong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Infarct Size ◽  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Hsp70 Protein ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Shock Proteins

We investigated the role of inducible heat shock proteins 70.1 and 70.3 (HSP70.1 and HSP70.3, respectively) in myocardial ischemic preconditioning (IP) in mice. Wild-type (WT) mice and HSP70.1- and HSP70.3-null [HSP70.1/3(–/–)] mice were subjected to IP and examined 24 h later during the late phase of protection. IP significantly increased steady-state levels of HSP70.1 and HSP70.3 mRNA and expression of inducible HSP70 protein in WT myocardium. To assess protection against tissue injury, mice were subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion. In WT mice, IP reduced infarct size by 43% compared with sham IP-treated mice. In contrast, IP did not reduce infarct size in HSP70.1/3(–/–) mice. Absence of inducible HSP70.1 and HSP70.3 had no effect, however, on classical or early-phase protection produced by IP, which significantly reduced infarct size in HSP70.1/3(–/–) mice. We conclude that inducible HSP70.1 and HSP70.3 are required for late-phase protection against infarction following IP in mice.

scholarly journals Profil Pasien Pneumonia Komunitas di Bagian Anak RSUP DR. M. Djamil Padang Sumatera Barat

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osharinanda Monita ◽  
Finny Fitry Yani ◽  
Yuniar Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Hospital Length ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Group 2

AbstrakPneumonia adalah proses inflamasi pada parenkim paru dan merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas anak berusia di bawah lima tahun, terutama di negara berkembang. Prevalensi kejadian pneumonia komunitas pada anak di Sumatera Barat cukup tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui gambaran pasien pneumonia komunitas di Bagian Anak RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang tahun 2010-2012. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan data rekam medik anak yang dirawat dengan diagnosis utama pneumonia periode 1 Januari 2010 sampai 31 Desember 2012 dan diperoleh jumlah sampel sebanyak 178 orang anak. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan yaitu pneumonia komunitas pada anak banyak terdapat pada anak laki-laki 55,6%, terutama pada kelompok usia 2-<12 bulan 60% dengan status gizi anak yang kurang 62% dan status imunisasi masih belum lengkap 34,8%. Keluhan utama anak dengan pneumonia yaitu sesak napas 97,8% dan gejala klinis yang ditemukan yaitu demam 92,7% dengan suhu rata-rata 37.6 C, batuk 92,1%, takipneu rata-rata laju napas 66 kali/menit pada kelompok usia < 2bulan, takikardi rata-rata denyut nadi 124 kali/menit pada kelompok usia >48-72 bulan, disertai nafas cuping hidung 92,7%, retraksi dinding dada 86%, ronkhi 91,6% dan wheezing 14,6%. Pada pemeriksaan penunjang didapatkan jumlah leukosit dalam batas normal 63% dan gambaran foto rontgen thoraks berupa infiltrat 96,6%. Penyakit yang sering menyertai pneumonia pada anak yaitu anemia 30,9% dan komplikasi yang terjadi berupa gangguan keseimbangan asam-basa 48,3%. Lama rawatan paling banyak 5-10 hari dengan outcome perbaikan 56,7%. Tingginya insiden pneumonia anak di RSUP DR. M. Djamil dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, diantaranya yaitu status gizi kurang, status imunisasi yang belum lengkap, serta faktor lingkungan tempat tinggal anak.Kata kunci: profil, pneumonia komunitas, anakAbstractPneumonia is infection or inflammation of the lung and it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children aged under five years, especially in developing countries. Prevalence of CAP in children at West Sumatra is quite high. The objective of the study was to report the profile of CAP in pediatric ward of DR. M. Djamil Hospital Padang in 2010–2012.This research was a descriptive study using medical records of children with primary diagnosis of CAP in the period of January 1, 2010 until December 31, 2012. During the study period, 178 patients were diagnosed as CAP, 55.6% found in boys, especially in the age group 2 - <12 months 43.8% with the poor nutritional status 62% and 34.8% have incomplete immunization status. The chief complaint of children with pneumonia are shortness of breath 97.8%, and clinical symptoms such as fever found 92.7% with an average temperature of 37.6 C, cough 92.1%, takipneu average respiratory rate 66 breaths/min in the age group <2 months, tachycardia average pulse rate 124 beats/min in the age group >48-72 months, with nasal flaring 92.7%, chest wall indrawing 86%, rhonchi 91.6% and wheezing 14.6%. The laboratory test showed leucocyte 63% within normal limits and infiltrate found in 96,6% chest radiograph. Accompanying diseases that often in children with pneumonia are anemic 30.9% and complications that occur is acid-base balance disorders 48,3%. The hospital length of stay for children is 5-10 days and 56.7% children had improvement outcomes.The high incidence of CAP in children at DR. M. Djamil hospital influenced by several factors, such as malnutrition status, incomplete immunization.Keywords: profile, community-acquired pneumonia, children

Cardioprotection with ischemic preconditioning and MLA: role of adenosine-regulating enzymes?

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (3) ◽  
pp. H1004-H1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Przyklenk ◽  
L. Zhao ◽  
R. A. Kloner ◽  
G. T. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Infarct Size ◽  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Canine Heart ◽  
Collateral Blood Flow ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Monophosphoryl Lipid A ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Increased Activity

Both ischemic preconditioning and pretreatment with the endotoxin derivative monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) protect the heart against infarction, yet the cellular mechanisms responsible for the cardioprotection achieved with either intervention are unknown. Using pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, we tested the hypothesis that increased activity of 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT), the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of adenosine from AMP, may play a role. Twenty-two dogs underwent 1 h of coronary occlusion and 4 h of reperfusion: eight controls received no intervention, seven animals were preconditioned with four 5-min episodes of brief ischemia, and seven received MLA (35 micrograms/kg iv) 24 h previously. Collateral blood flow was measured by injection of radiolabeled microspheres, infarct size was delineated by tetrazolium staining, and myocardial 5'-NT activities were measured by quantifying the release of adenosine from AMP. Despite comparable values of collateral blood flow in all groups, infarct size was reduced in preconditioned and MLA-treated dogs vs. controls. In addition, 5'-NT activities were increased throughout the heart with preconditioning and MLA treatment. However, single and multivariate regression analyses revealed no correlation between infarct size and 5'-NT activities for either treatment group. In fact, in the preconditioned cohort, animals with the highest enzyme activities developed the largest infarcts. This dissociation between infarct size and 5'-NT suggests that increased activity of 5'-NT is not the mechanism by which preconditioning or MLA treatment protects the canine heart against infarction.

Cellular Mechanisms of Infarct Size Reduction with Ischemic Preconditioning: Role of Calcium?

1999 ◽  
Vol 874 (1 HEART IN STRE) ◽  
pp. 192-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARIN PRZYKLENK ◽  
BORIS Z. SIMKHOVICH ◽  
BARBARA BAUER ◽  
KATSUYA HATA ◽  
LIN ZHAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infarct Size ◽  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Infarct Size Reduction

Abstract 15: Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Confers Late Protection Against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice by Upregulating Interleukin-10

2012 ◽  
Vol 111 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheqing Cai ◽  
Nirmal Parajuli ◽  
Xiaoxu Zheng ◽  
Lewis Becker
Keyword(s):  
Infarct Size ◽  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Myocardial Infarct ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Remote Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Myocardial Infarct Size ◽  
Stat3 Phosphorylation

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) induces a prolonged late phase of multi-organ protection against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that RIPC confers late protection against myocardial IR injury by upregulating expression of IL-10. Mice were exposed to lower limb RIPC or sham leg ischemia. After 24 h, mice with RIPC demonstrated decreased myocardial infarct size and improved cardiac contractility following 30-min ischemia and 120-min reperfusion (I-30/R-120), accompanied by increased phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS in the heart. These effects of RIPC were completely blocked by anti-IL-10 receptor antibodies. Moreover, in IL-10 KO mice, RIPC was no longer able to provide cardioprotection against IR injury. IL-10 receptors were expressed in cardiomyocytes under basal conditions. Stimulation with exogenous IL-10 increased Akt phosphorylation and decreased myocardial infarct size after I-30/R-120 in isolated perfused hearts. Wildtype mice with RIPC demonstrated increased plasma IL-10 levels, while in the preconditioned gastrocnemius muscle, the phosphatase PTEN was inactivated and expression of IL-10 was increased through Stat3. Myocyte-specific PTEN inactivation led to increased Stat3 phosphorylation and IL-10 protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle. Taken together, these results suggest that RIPC induces late protection against myocardial IR injury by increasing expression of IL-10 in the remote muscle, followed by release of IL-10 into the circulation, and activation of protective signaling pathways in the heart. This study provides a scientific basis for the use of RIPC to confer systemic protection against IR injury.

scholarly journals The cardioprotection of the late phase of ischemic preconditioning is enhanced by postconditioning via a COX-2-mediated mechanism in conscious rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (4) ◽  
pp. H2557-H2564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Sato ◽  
Roberto Bolli ◽  
Gregg D. Rokosh ◽  
Qiuli Bi ◽  
Shujing Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Infarct Size ◽  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Coronary Occlusion ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Conscious Rats ◽  
Late Preconditioning ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
Combined Interventions

The present study sought to determine whether the combination of late preconditioning (PC) with postconditioning enhances the reduction in infarct size. Chronically instrumented rats were assigned to a 45-min ( subset 1) or 60-min ( subset 2) coronary occlusion followed by 24 h of reperfusion. In each subset, rats received no further intervention (control) or were preconditioned 24 h before occlusion (PC), postconditioned at the onset of reperfusion following occlusion, or preconditioned and postconditioned without (PC + postconditioning) or with the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (3 mg/kg ip; PC + postconditioning + celecoxib) 10 min before postconditioning. Myocardial cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression and COX-2 activity (assessed as myocardial levels of PGE2) were measured 6 min after reperfusion in an additional five groups (control, PC, postconditioning, PC + postconditioning, and PC + postconditioning + celecoxib) subjected to a 45-min occlusion. PC alone reduced infarct size after a 45-min occlusion but not after a 60-min occlusion. Postconditioning alone did not reduce infarct size in either setting. However, the combination of late PC and postconditioning resulted in a robust infarct-sparing effect in both settings, suggesting additive cardioprotection. Celecoxib completely abrogated the infarct-sparing effect of the combined interventions in both settings. Late PC increased COX-2 protein expression and PGE2 content. PGE2 content (but not COX-2 protein) was further increased by the combination of both interventions, suggesting that postconditioning increases the activity of COX-2 induced by late PC. In conclusion, the combination of late PC and postconditioning produces additive protection, likely due to a postconditioning-induced enhancement of COX-2 activity.

scholarly journals Wachstum und Entwicklungsqualität von Milchrindkälbern in Gruppenhaltung mit Tränkeautomatenfütterung. Physiologische Variablen und deren Änderungen in spezifischen Altersperioden

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
M. Steinhardt ◽  
H.-H. Thielscher
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Mean Differences

Abstract. Title of the paper: Growth and development quality of dairy calves reared in groups with an automatic milk feeder. Physiological variables and their changes at specific age periods On 38 dairy calves (20 male, 18 female) measurements of growth Performance and of body temperature (RT) and blood sampling were made at 15, 30, 60 and 90 days of age of the calves. Blood was analysed for acid-base balance, biochemical and hematological values, minerals and hemoglobin derivatives. Effects of season (groupl: calvings from October tili December; group 2: calvings from January tili April) and of gender were considered. Growth Performance was different between the groups at all age points. Group effects existed at 15 days (RT, Hk, MetHb, Laktat, P), at 30 days (RT, P), at 60 days (Hb, O2CAP, pH, BE, HCO3, P), at 90 days (pCO2, blood urea, Mg, Fe). Gender effects became obvious at 30 days (O2CONT, O2SAT, MetHb, HHb, pCO2). Interactions of group and gender occured at 15 days (P), at 30 days (O2CONT, pCO2), at 60 days (COHb, Mg) and at 90 days (Hb, O2CAP). Between age point mean differences could be found for acid-base Status, total protein, albumin, Creatinine, blood urea, glucose, Mg and for the hematological variables. In most cases between age point changes of variables showed strong negativ correlations with the starting values at 15 days of age. Directed changes of most variables within life age periods developed with different degrees depending on development quality and on specific husbandry conditions.

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