scholarly journals Energetic responses to cold temperatures in rats lacking forebrain-caudal brain stem connections

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (3) ◽  
pp. R789-R798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Nautiyal ◽  
Megan Dailey ◽  
Nilton Brito ◽  
Marcia N. d. A. Brito ◽  
Ruth B. Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Cardiac Responses ◽  
Effector Pathway ◽  
Norepinephrine Turnover ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
And Control ◽  
Neurologically Intact

Hypothalamic neurons are regarded as essential for integrating thermal afferent information from skin and core and issuing commands to autonomic and behavioral effectors that maintain core temperature (Tc) during cold exposure and for the control of energy expenditure more generally. Caudal brain stem neurons are necessary elements of the hypothalamic effector pathway and also are directly driven by skin and brain cooling. To assess whether caudal brain stem processing of thermal afferent signals is sufficient to drive endemic effectors for thermogenesis, heart rate (HR), Tc, and activity responses of chronic decerebrate (CD) and control rats adapted to 23°C were compared during cold exposure (4, 8, or 12°C) for 6 h. Other CDs and controls were exposed to 4 or 23°C for 2 h, and tissues were processed for norepinephrine turnover (NETO), a neurochemical measure of sympathetic drive. Controls maintained Tc for all temperatures. CDs maintained Tc for the 8 and 12°C exposures, but Tc declined 2°C during the 4°C exposure. Cold exposure elevated HR in CDs and controls alike. Tachycardia magnitude correlated with decreases in environmental temperature for controls, but not CDs. Cold increased NETO in brown adipose tissue, heart, and some white adipose tissue pads in CDs and controls compared with their respective room temperature controls. These data demonstrate that, in neural isolation from the hypothalamus, cold exposure drives caudal brain stem neuronal activity and engages local effectors that trigger sympathetic energetic and cardiac responses that are comparable in many, but not in all, respects to those seen in neurologically intact rats.

Catecholamine turnover in S 5B/P1 and Osborne-Mendel rats: response to a high-fat diet

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (2) ◽  
pp. R290-R295 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Fisler ◽  
T. Yoshida ◽  
G. A. Bray
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Catecholamine Turnover ◽  
Norepinephrine Turnover ◽  
Brown Adipose

Catecholamine turnover in response to fasting, cold exposure, and a high-fat diet has been measured in the Osborne-Mendel rat, which readily develops obesity when fed a high-fat diet, and the S 5B/P1 rat, which does not. We have tested the hypothesis that this difference in response to diet might be associated with altered rates of norepinephrine or epinephrine turnover. The endogenous norepinephrine concentration in interscapular brown adipose tissue was significantly greater in fasted S 5B/P1 rats than in fasted Osborne-Mendel rats. The fractional norepinephrine turnover rate in interscapular brown adipose tissue of fasted animals was also greater in the S 5B/P1 rat than in the Osborne-Mendel rat. Cold exposure increased the fractional norepinephrine turnover rate in interscapular brown adipose tissue for both strains of rats but increased the fractional norepinephrine turnover rate in the pancreas in only the Osborne-Mendel rats. The turnover of epinephrine and the adrenal concentration of this hormone were not different between the two strains. Normal and high-fat diets were fed to both strains; the Osborne-Mendel rats were pair fed the high-fat diet to prevent excess weight gain. Endogenous concentrations of norepinephrine in interscapular brown adipose tissue was increased by the high-fat diet; the increase was greater in S 5B/P1 rats. The high-fat diet resulted in increased norepinephrine turnover in interscapular brown adipose tissue of the S 5B/P1 rat but not the Osborne-Mendel rat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Sympathoadrenal system and regulation of thermogenesis

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (2) ◽  
pp. E181-E189 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Landsberg ◽  
M. E. Saville ◽  
J. B. Young
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Norepinephrine Turnover ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a critical role in the regulation of mammalian thermogenic responses to cold exposure and dietary intake. Catecholamine-stimulated thermogenesis is mediated by the beta-adrenergic receptor. In the rat brown adipose tissue is the major site of metabolic heat production in response to both cold (nonshivering thermogenesis) and diet (diet-induced thermogenesis). Measurements of norepinephrine turnover rate in interscapular brown adipose tissue of the rat demonstrate increased sympathetic activity in response to both cold exposure and overfeeding. In adult humans, a physiologically significant role for brown adipose tissue has not been established but cannot be excluded. It appears likely that dietary changes in SNS activity are related, at least in part, to the changes in metabolic rate that occur in association with changes in dietary intake.

scholarly journals Cold exposure regulates the norepinephrine uptake transporter in rat brown adipose tissue

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (1) ◽  
pp. R143-R151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria L. King ◽  
Linda P. Dwoskin ◽  
Lisa A. Cassis
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Neuronal Uptake ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
And Control

The neuronal uptake of norepinephrine (NE) in sympathetically innervated tissues is mediated by a high-affinity NE uptake transporter (NET). Rat interscapular brown adipose tissue (ISBAT) is densely innervated by the sympathetic nervous system for the control of cold- and diet-induced thermogenesis. To determine if cold exposure regulates the NET, kinetic parameters for [3H]NE uptake and [3H]nisoxetine (Nis) binding were determined in ISBAT from 7-day cold-exposed (CE) and control rats. Uptake of [3H]NE in ISBAT slices was of high affinity (1.6 μM). After 7 days of cold exposure the affinity for [3H]NE uptake was not altered; however, the uptake capacity was decreased (38%) in ISBAT slices from CE rats. Kinetic parameters for [3H]Nis binding demonstrated a single high-affinity site in ISBAT from CE and control rats with similar affinity. The density of [3H]Nis sites in ISBAT was decreased (38%) following cold exposure. A time course (2 h-7 days) for cold exposure demonstrated downregulation of [3H]Nis binding density by day 3, which remained through day 7. The affinity for [3H]Nis binding was transiently decreased at 2 h of cold exposure. Similarly, ISBAT NE content was decreased at 2 h of cold exposure. Pair feeding CE rats to food intake of controls normalized plasma NE content; however, [3H]Nis binding density in ISBAT remained decreased in pair-fed rats. These results demonstrate that the ISBAT NET is downregulated following cold exposure. Reductions in ISBAT NE content precede alterations in NET density; however, plasma NE content is not related to regulation of the NET.

Glycerokinase activity in brown adipose tissue: a sympathetic regulation?

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (4) ◽  
pp. R1185-R1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Kawashita ◽  
W. T. L. Festuccia ◽  
M. N. Brito ◽  
M. A. F. Moura ◽  
S. R. C. Brito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Norepinephrine Turnover ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Sympathetic Regulation

The effect of brown adipose tissue (BAT) sympathetic hemidenervation on the activity of glycerokinase (GyK) was investigated in different physiological conditions. In rats fed a balanced diet, the activity of the enzyme was ∼50% lower in BAT-denervated pads than in intact, innervated pads. In rats adapted to a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet, norepinephrine turnover rates and BAT GyK activity were already reduced, and BAT denervation resulted in a further decrease in the activity of the enzyme. Cold acclimation of normally fed rats at 4°C for 10 days markedly increased the activity of the enzyme. Cold exposure (4°C) for 6 h was insufficient to stimulate BAT GyK, but the activity of the enzyme was already increased after 12 h of cold exposure. The cold-induced BAT GyK stimulation was completely blocked in BAT-denervated pads. The data indicate that an adequate sympathetic flow to BAT is required for the maintenance of normal levels of GyK activity and for the enzyme response to situations, such as cold exposure, which markedly increase BAT sympathetic flow.

scholarly journals The Role of Insulin in Norepinephrine Turnover and Thermogenesis in Brown Adipose Tissue after Acute Cold-Exposure.

1989 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEIJI YOSHIOKA ◽  
TOSHIHIDE YOSHIDA ◽  
YASUO WAKABAYASHI ◽  
HITOSHI NISHIOKA ◽  
MOTOHARU KONDO
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Acute Cold Exposure ◽  
Norepinephrine Turnover ◽  
Brown Adipose

scholarly journals Effect of Diet and Cold Exposure on Norepinephrine Turnover in Brown Adipose Tissue of the Rat

1982 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1061-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Young ◽  
Elizabeth Saville ◽  
Nancy J. Rothwell ◽  
Michael J. Stock ◽  
Lewis Landsberg
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Norepinephrine Turnover ◽  
Brown Adipose

scholarly journals ANGPTL4 mediates shuttling of lipid fuel to brown adipose tissue during sustained cold exposure

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wieneke Dijk ◽  
Markus Heine ◽  
Laurent Vergnes ◽  
Mariëtte R Boon ◽  
Gert Schaart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Energy Substrates ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation via cold exposure is increasingly scrutinized as a potential approach to ameliorate cardio-metabolic risk. Transition to cold temperatures requires changes in the partitioning of energy substrates, re-routing fatty acids to BAT to fuel non-shivering thermogenesis. However, the mechanisms behind the redistribution of energy substrates to BAT remain largely unknown. Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), a protein that inhibits lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, is highly expressed in BAT. Here, we demonstrate that ANGPTL4 is part of a shuttling mechanism that directs fatty acids derived from circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to BAT during cold. Specifically, we show that cold markedly down-regulates ANGPTL4 in BAT, likely via activation of AMPK, enhancing LPL activity and uptake of plasma triglyceride-derived fatty acids. In contrast, cold up-regulates ANGPTL4 in WAT, abolishing a cold-induced increase in LPL activity. Together, our data indicate that ANGPTL4 is an important regulator of plasma lipid partitioning during sustained cold.

Norepinephrine turnover in obese (ob/ob) mice: effects of age, fasting, and acute cold

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (6) ◽  
pp. E567-E574 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Knehans ◽  
D. R. Romsos
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Acute Cold Exposure ◽  
Norepinephrine Turnover ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Liver And Pancreas ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
The Difference

The possibility that low sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of 8-wk-old obese (ob/ob) mice results from their gross obesity at that age was investigated. Norepinephrine (NE) turnover, an estimator of SNS activity, was measured in BAT and other organs of 2-wk-old preobese ob/ob mice, and at 4 and 8 wk of age. Rates of NE turnover were 36% slower in BAT of preobese ob/ob mice than in lean littermates and remained slow in their BAT at 4 (-66%) and 8 (-56%) wk of age. In heart, rates of NE turnover were 48% slower in preobese ob/ob mice than in lean littermates, but the difference diminished at 4 (-21%) and 8 (-16%) wk of age. Rates of NE turnover in white adipose tissue, liver, and pancreas of obese mice were generally comparable with rates in these organs of lean mice. Effects of fasting (24 h) and acute cold exposure (14 degrees C for 8 h) were also examined. In general, fasting lowered and cold exposure elevated NE turnover equally in obese and lean mice. Ob/ob mice housed at 23-25 degrees C exhibit low SNS activity in their BAT prior to the onset of gross obesity, even though SNS activity in their BAT responds normally to an acute cold stress. This low SNS activity probably contributes to their subsequent high efficiency of energy retention.

scholarly journals Investigation of thermal changes in the thyroid gland region of individuals with hypothyroidism and fibromyalgia by analyzing the temperature of brown adipose tissue

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Christakis Costa ◽  
Joaquim Miguel Maia ◽  
Marcos Leal Brioschi ◽  
José Eduardo de Melo Mafra Machado
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Electronic Medical Records ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Thermal Changes ◽  
And Control

AbstractThis exploratory retrospective study aims to investigate the thermal changes in the thyroid gland region of patients with hypothyroidism and fibromyalgia by analyzing the temperature of the brown adipose tissue (BAT). A total of 166 individuals from 1000 thermographic electronic medical records were classified into four groups: Group HP + FM-50 individuals with hypothyroidism and fibromyalgia; Group FM-56 individuals with fibromyalgia only; Group HP-30 individuals with hypothyroidism only, and Group Control-30 healthy individuals. The thermal images from the electronic medical records were acquired by a FLIR T650SC infrared camera (used for thermometry) and the temperature data for each group were statistically analyzed. Group HP + FM showed r = 0, meaning that the average temperatures of the thyroid and BAT are independent of each other. Groups FM, HP and Control showed r = 1, meaning that the average temperatures of the thyroid and BAT were directly related. Our findings showed that the average temperatures of the thyroid and BAT regions are similar. Also, there was no correlation between thyroid gland temperature and the presence of hypothyroidism or fibromyalgia using thermometry.

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