Endurance training in older men and women II. Blood lactate response to submaximal exercise

1984 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1030-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Seals ◽  
B. F. Hurley ◽  
J. Schultz ◽  
J. M. Hagberg
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Older Men And Women ◽  
Intensity Training

Seven men and four women (age 63 +/- 2 yr, mean +/- SD, range 61–67 yr) participated in a 12-mo endurance training program to determine the effects of low-intensity (LI) and high-intensity (HI) training on the blood lactate response to submaximal exercise in older individuals. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), blood lactate, O2 uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), ventilation (VE), and respiratory exchange ratio (R) during three submaximal exercise bouts (65–90% VO2max) were determined before training, after 6 mo of LI training, and after an additional 6 mo of HI training. VO2max (ml X kg-1 X min-1) was increased 12% after LI training (P less than 0.05), while HI training induced a further increase of 18% (P less than 0.01). Lactate, HR, VE, and R were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) at the same absolute work rates after LI training, while HI training induced further but smaller reductions in these parameters (P greater than 0.05). In general, at the same relative work rates (ie., % of VO2max) after training, lactate was lower or unchanged, HR and R were unchanged, and VO2 and VE were higher. These findings indicate that LI training in older individuals results in adaptations in the response to submaximal exercise that are similar to those observed in younger populations and that additional higher intensity training results in further but less-marked changes.

Effect of endurance exercise training on ventilatory function in older individuals

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Yerg ◽  
D. R. Seals ◽  
J. M. Hagberg ◽  
J. O. Holloszy
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Ventilatory Function ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Exercise Ventilation ◽  
Ventilatory Equivalent ◽  
Sedentary Subjects

To evaluate the effect of endurance training on ventilatory function in older individuals, 1) 14 master athletes (MA) [age 63 +/- 2 yr (mean +/- SD); maximum O2 uptake (VO2max) 52.1 +/- 7.9 ml . kg-1 . min-1] were compared with 14 healthy male sedentary controls (CON) (age 63 +/- 3 yr; VO2max of 27.6 +/- 3.4 ml . kg-1 . min-1), and 2) 11 sedentary healthy men and women, age 63 +/- 2 yr, were reevaluated after 12 mo of endurance training that increased their VO2max 25%. MA had a significantly lower ventilatory response to submaximal exercise at the same O2 uptake (VE/VO2) and greater maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), maximal exercise ventilation (VEmax), and ratio of VEmax to MVV than CON. Except for MVV, all of these parameters improved significantly in the previously sedentary subjects in response to training. Hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) at rest and the ventilatory equivalent for CO2 (VE/VCO2) during submaximal exercise were similar for MA and CON and unaffected by training. We conclude that the increase in VE/VO2 during submaximal exercise observed with aging can be reversed by endurance training, and that after training, previously sedentary older individuals breathe at the same percentage of MVV during maximal exercise as highly trained athletes of similar age.

Effect of hyperoxia on substrate utilization during intense submaximal exercise

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Adams ◽  
P. A. Cashman ◽  
J. C. Young
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Lactate Levels

Six trained males [mean maximal O2 uptake (VO2max) = 66 ml X kg-1 X min-1] performed 30 min of cycling (mean = 76.8% VO2max) during normoxia (21.35 +/- 0.16% O2) and hyperoxia (61.34 +/- 1.0% O2). Values for VO2, CO2 output (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), venous lactate, glycerol, free fatty acids, glucose, and alanine were obtained before, during, and after the exercise bout to investigate the possibility that a substrate shift is responsible for the previously observed enhanced performance and decreased RER during exercise with hyperoxia. VO2, free fatty acids, glucose, and alanine values were not significantly different in hyperoxia compared with normoxia. VCO2, RER, VE, and glycerol and lactate levels were all lower during hyperoxia. These results are interpreted to support the possibility of a substrate shift during hyperoxia.

Blood Lactate Diagnostics in Exercise Testing and Training

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Beneke ◽  
Renate M. Leithäuser ◽  
Oliver Ochentel
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Threshold Intensity ◽  
Work Intensity ◽  
Intensity Training

A link between lactate and muscular exercise was seen already more than 200 years ago. The blood lactate concentration (BLC) is sensitive to changes in exercise intensity and duration. Multiple BLC threshold concepts define different points on the BLC power curve during various tests with increasing power (INCP). The INCP test results are affected by the increase in power over time. The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is measured during a series of prolonged constant power (CP) tests. It detects the highest aerobic power without metabolic energy from continuing net lactate production, which is usually sustainable for 30 to 60 min. BLC threshold and MLSS power are highly correlated with the maximum aerobic power and athletic endurance performance. The idea that training at threshold intensity is particularly effective has no evidence. Three BLC-orientated intensity domains have been established: (1) training up to an intensity at which the BLC clearly exceeds resting BLC, light- and moderate-intensity training focusing on active regeneration or high-volume endurance training (Intensity < Threshold); (2) heavy endurance training at work rates up to MLSS intensity (Threshold ≤ Intensity ≤ MLSS); and (3) severe exercise intensity training between MLSS and maximum oxygen uptake intensity mostly organized as interval and tempo work (Intensity > MLSS). High-performance endurance athletes combining very high training volume with high aerobic power dedicate 70 to 90% of their training to intensity domain 1 (Intensity < Threshold) in order to keep glycogen homeostasis within sustainable limits.

scholarly journals It Takes Two to Tango: Development, Validation, and Personality Correlates of the Acceptance of Sugar Relationships in Older Men and Women Scale (ASR-OMWS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Láng ◽  
Béla Birkás ◽  
András N. Zsidó ◽  
Dóra Ipolyi ◽  
Norbert Meskó
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Motivation ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Love Styles ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Love Relationships ◽  
Sexual Services ◽  
Older Men And Women

Sugar relationships can be considered contemporary forms of transactional sex, that is, offering sexual services for material resources or other benefits. Considering the common age differences in these relationships, sugar relationships might be of relevance for older adults as well on the mating market. As a sequel to Birkás et al. (2020), in the present study, an attitude scale was developed to assess older women’s and men’s acceptance of sugar relationships. We also explored whether the acceptance of sugar relationships was associated with love styles, sociosexual orientation, sexual motivation, and certain socially aversive personality traits. In two online studies with a total number of 836 participants (N = 277 women and 559 men), the results showed that the Acceptance of Sugar Relationships in Older Men and Women Scale (ASR-OMWS) proved to be a reliable and conceptually valid measure of older individuals’ attitude toward sugar relationships. A more accepting attitude toward sugar relationships was found to be associated with more unrestricted sociosexuality, preference to engage in playful love relationships and more self-focused sexual motivation (study 1; N = 481, 167 women and 314 men), and with more pronounced Dark Triad and borderline traits (study 2; N = 355, 110 women and 245 men). Our findings are discussed in an evolutionary framework.

Effects of Increased Load of Low- Versus High-Intensity Endurance Training on Performance and Physiological Adaptations in Endurance Athletes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Rune K. Talsnes ◽  
Roland van den Tillaar ◽  
Øyvind Sandbakk
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Intensity Training

Purpose: To compare the effects of increased load of low- versus high-intensity endurance training on performance and physiological adaptations in well-trained endurance athletes. Methods: Following an 8-week preintervention period, 51 (36 men and 15 women) junior cross-country skiers and biathletes were randomly allocated into a low-intensity (LIG, n = 26) or high-intensity training group (HIG, n = 25) for an 8-week intervention period, load balanced using the overall training impulse score. Both groups performed an uphill running time trial and were assessed for laboratory performance and physiological profiling in treadmill running and roller-ski skating preintervention and postintervention. Results: Preintervention to postintervention changes in running time trial did not differ between groups (P = .44), with significant improvements in HIG (−2.3% [3.2%], P = .01) but not in LIG (−1.5% [2.9%], P = .20). There were no differences between groups in peak speed changes when incremental running and roller-ski skating to exhaustion (P = .30 and P = .20, respectively), with both modes being significantly improved in HIG (2.2% [3.1%] and 2.5% [3.4%], both P < .01) and in roller-ski skating for LIG (1.5% [2.4%], P < .01). There was a between-group difference in running maximal oxygen uptake changes (P = .04), tending to improve in HIG (3.0% [6.4%], P = .09) but not in LIG (−0.7% [4.6%], P = .25). Changes in roller-ski skating peak oxygen uptake differed between groups (P = .02), with significant improvements in HIG (3.6% [5.4%], P = .01) but not in LIG (−0.1% [0.17%], P = .62). Conclusion: There was no significant difference in performance adaptations between increased load of low- versus high-intensity training in well-trained endurance athletes, although both methods improved performance. However, increased load of high-intensity training elicited better maximal oxygen uptake adaptations compared to increased load of low-intensity training.

Muscle metabolism during exercise in the heat in unacclimatized and acclimatized humans

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1350-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. King ◽  
D. L. Costill ◽  
W. J. Fink ◽  
M. Hargreaves ◽  
R. A. Fielding
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Intense Exercise ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Heat Acclimatization ◽  
Fuel Selection ◽  
Muscle Ph ◽  
Male Subjects

The effect of heat acclimatization on aerobic exercise tolerance in the heat and on subsequent sprint exercise performance was investigated. Before (UN) and after (ACC) 8 days of heat acclimatization, 10 male subjects performed a heat-exercise test (HET) consisting of 6 h of intermittent submaximal [50% of the maximal O2 uptake] exercise in the heat (39.7 degrees C dB, 31.0% relative humidity). A 45-s maximal cycle ride was performed before (sprint 1) and after (sprint 2) each HET. Mean muscle glycogen use during the HET was lower following acclimatization [ACC = 28.6 +/- 6.4 (SE) and UN = 57.4 +/- 5.1 mmol/kg; P less than 0.05]. No differences were noted between the UN and ACC trials with respect to blood glucose, lactate (LA), or respiratory exchange ratio. During the UN trial only, total work output during sprint 2 was reduced compared with sprint 1 (24.01 +/- 0.80 vs. 21.56 +/- 1.18 kJ; P less than 0.05). This reduction in sprint performance was associated with an attenuated fall in muscle pH following sprint 2 (6.86 vs. 6.67, P less than 0.05) and a reduced accumulation of LA in the blood. These data indicate that heat acclimatization produced a shift in fuel selection during submaximal exercise in the heat. The observed sparing of muscle glycogen may be associated with the enhanced ability to perform highly intense exercise following prolonged exertion in the heat.

scholarly journals Evaluation of rehabilitation exercise effects by using gradation-based skeletal muscle echo intensity in older individuals: a one-group before-and-after trial study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akito Yoshiko ◽  
Takashi Kaji ◽  
Tsuyoshi Kozuka ◽  
Takayuki Sawazaki ◽  
Hiroshi Akima
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Echo Intensity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Thigh Muscles ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Older Men And Women ◽  
Rehabilitation Exercise

Abstract Background Higher muscle echo intensity (EI) reflects higher content of fat and/or connective tissue within skeletal muscle, eventually inducing lower muscle strength, physical dysfunction, and metabolic impairment. Continuous exercise decreases muscle EI in older individuals; however, it is not well understood how several months’ rehabilitation exercise affects gradation-based EI. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 6 months of rehabilitation exercise on gradation-based higher and lower EI in older men and women. Methods Twenty-seven men and women (7 men, 20 women; age, 75.6 ± 6.4 years; height, 154.3 ± 8.5 cm; weight, 55.8 ± 9.7 kg) participated in this study. This study was a one-group before-and-after trial. They needed long-term care for activities of daily living. They performed rehabilitation exercises consisting of resistance exercises using a hydraulic resistance machine, stretching, and aerobic exercises using a recumbent bicycle once or twice a week for 6 months. B-mode ultrasonographic transverse image was taken from thigh muscles, e.g., rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and biceps femoris. We calculated gradation-based cross-sectional area (CSA) from thigh muscles by dividing 256 greyscale level to 10 different components levels (e.g., 0–24, 25–49, 50–74, …, 200–224 and 225–249 a.u.). Results Lowest EI (e.g., 0–24 a.u.) CSA of thigh muscle was significantly increased after the exercise (0.3 ± 0.3 to 1.0 ± 0.8 cm2; P < 0.05). Middle to higher EI (e.g., 50–74, 75–99, 100–124, 125–149, 150–174, 175–199 and 200–224 a.u.) CSAs were significantly decreased from 23.0 to 68.7% after the exercise (P < 0.05). Conclusions Several months’ rehabilitation exercise affected both lower and higher EI in older men and women. This result suggests that rehabilitation exercise changes muscle composition by increasing contractile muscle tissue and decreasing fat and connective tissues.

Prediction of Peak Oxygen Uptake from Submaximal Exercise Tests in Older Men and Women

1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara E. Ainsworth ◽  
Robert G. McMurray ◽  
Susan K. Veazey
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Older Men And Women

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of two submaximal exercise tests, the Sitting-Chair Step Test (Smith & Gilligan. 1983) and the Modified Step Test (Amundsen, DeVahl, & Ellingham, 1989) to predict peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) in 28 adults ages 60 to 85 years. VO2 peak was measured by indirect calorimetry during a treadmill maximal graded exercise test (VO2 peak, range 11.6–31.1 ml · kg −l · min−1). In each of the submaximal tests, VO2 was predicted by plotting stage-by-stage submaximal heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion (RPE) data against VO2 for each stage and extrapolating the data to respective age-predicted maximal HR or RPE values. In the Sitting-Chair Step Test (n = 23), no significant differences were observed between measured and predicted VO2 peak values (p > .05). However, predicted VO2 peak values from the HR were 4.3 ml · kg−1 · min−1 higher than VO2 peak values predicted from the RPE data (p < .05). In the Modified Step Test (n = 22), no significant differences were observed between measured and predicted VO2 peak values (p > .05). Predictive accuracy was modest, explaining 49–78% of the variance in VO2 peak. These data suggest that the Sitting-Chair Step Test and the Modified Step Test have moderate validity in predicting VO2 peak in older men and women.

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