Sensitivity to interaural intensity differences of neurons in primary auditory cortex of the cat. I. types of sensitivity and effects of variations in sound pressure level

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Irvine ◽  
R. Rajan ◽  
L. M. Aitkin
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Sensitivity Function ◽  
Maximum Response ◽  
Binaural Interaction ◽  
Sensitivity Functions ◽  
Monaural Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Interaural intensity differences (IIDs) provide the major cue to the azimuthal location of high-frequency narrowband sounds. In recent studies of the azimuthal sensitivity of high-frequency neurons in the primary auditory cortex (field AI) of the cat, a number of different types of azimuthal sensitivity have been described and the azimuthal sensitivity of many neurons was found to vary as a function of changes in stimulus intensity. The extent to which the shape and the intensity dependence of the azimuthal sensitivity of AI neurons reflects features of their IID sensitivity was investigated by obtaining data on IID sensitivity from a large sample of neurons with a characteristic frequency (CF) > 5.5 kHz in AI of anesthetized cats. IID sensitivity functions were classified in a manner that facilitated comparison with previously obtained data on azimuthal sensitivity, and the effects of changes in the base intensity at which IIDs were introduced were examined. 2. IID sensitivity functions for CF tonal stimuli were obtained at one or more intensities for a total of 294 neurons, in most cases by a method of generating IIDs that kept the average binaural intensity (ABI) of the stimuli at the two ears constant. In the standard ABI range at which a function was obtained for each unit, five types of IID sensitivity were distinguished. Contra-max neurons (50% of the sample) had maximum response (a peak or a plateau) at IIDs corresponding to contralateral azimuths, whereas ipsi-max neurons (17%) had the mirror-image form of sensitivity. Near-zero-max neurons (18%) had a clearly defined maximum response (peak) in the range of +/- 10 dB IID, whereas a small group of tough neurons (2%) had a restricted range of minimal responsiveness with near-maximal responses at IIDs on either side. A final 18% of AI neurons were classified as insensitive to IIDs. The proportions of neurons exhibiting the various types of sensitivity corresponded closely to the proportions found to exhibit corresponding types of azimuthal sensitivity in a previous study. 3. There was a strong correlation between a neuron's binaural interaction characteristics and the form of its IID sensitivity function. Thus, neurons excited by monaural stimulation of only one ear but with either inhibitory, facilitatory, or mixed facilitatory-inhibitory effects of stimulation of the other ear had predominantly contra-max IID sensitivity (if contralateral monaural stimulation was excitatory) or ipsi-max sensitivity (if ipsilateral monaural stimulation was excitatory). Neurons driven weakly or not at all by monaural stimulation but facilitated binaurally almost all exhibited near-zero-max IID sensitivity. The exception to this tight association between binaural input and IID sensitivity was provided by neurons excited by monaural stimulation of either ear (EE neurons). Although EE neurons have frequently been considered to be insensitive to IIDs, our data were in agreement with two recent reports indicating that they can exhibit various forms of IID sensitivity: only 23 of 75 EE neurons were classified as insensitive and the remainder exhibited diverse types of sensitivity. 4. IID sensitivity was examined at two or more intensities (3-5 in most cases) for 84 neurons. The form of the IID sensitivity function (defined in terms of both shape and position along the IID axis) was invariant with changes in ABI for only a small proportion of IID-sensitive neurons (approximately 15% if a strict criterion of invariance was employed), and for many of these neurons the spike counts associated with a given IID varied with ABI, particularly at near-threshold levels. When the patterns of variation in the form of IID sensitivity produced by changes in ABI were classified in a manner equivalent to that used previously to classify the effects of intensity on azimuthal sensitivity, there was a close correspondence between the effects of intensity on corresponding types of azimuthal and IID sensitivity

Auditory Imagery Modulates Frequency-specific Areas in the Human Auditory Cortex

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihoon Oh ◽  
Jae Hyung Kwon ◽  
Po Song Yang ◽  
Jaeseung Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Auditory Imagery ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Control Functional ◽  
Response Area

Neural responses in early sensory areas are influenced by top–down processing. In the visual system, early visual areas have been shown to actively participate in top–down processing based on their topographical properties. Although it has been suggested that the auditory cortex is involved in top–down control, functional evidence of topographic modulation is still lacking. Here, we show that mental auditory imagery for familiar melodies induces significant activation in the frequency-responsive areas of the primary auditory cortex (PAC). This activation is related to the characteristics of the imagery: when subjects were asked to imagine high-frequency melodies, we observed increased activation in the high- versus low-frequency response area; when the subjects were asked to imagine low-frequency melodies, the opposite was observed. Furthermore, we found that A1 is more closely related to the observed frequency-related modulation than R in tonotopic subfields of the PAC. Our findings suggest that top–down processing in the auditory cortex relies on a mechanism similar to that used in the perception of external auditory stimuli, which is comparable to early visual systems.

Effects of ear plugging on single-unit azimuth sensitivity in cat primary auditory cortex. I. Evidence for monaural directional cues

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 492-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. K. Samson ◽  
J. C. Clarey ◽  
P. Barone ◽  
T. J. Imig
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inhibitory Input ◽  
Binaural Stimulation ◽  
Monaural Stimulation

1. Single-unit recordings were carried out in primary auditory cortex (AI) of barbiturate-anesthetized cats. Neurons, sensitive to sound direction in the horizontal plane (azimuth), were identified by their responses to noise bursts, presented in the free field, that varied in azimuth and sound pressure level (SPL). SPLs typically varied between 0 and 80 dB and were presented at each azimuth that was tested. Each azimuth-sensitive neuron responded well to some SPLs at certain azimuths and did not respond well to any SPL at other azimuths. This report describes AI neurons that were sensitive to the azimuth of monaurally presented noise bursts. 2. Unilateral ear plugging was used to test each azimuth-sensitive neuron's response to monaural stimulation. Ear plugs, produced by injecting a plastic ear mold compound into the concha and ear canal, attenuated sound reaching the tympanic membrane by 25-70 dB. Binaural interactions were inferred by comparing responses obtained under binaural (no plug) and monaural (ear plug) conditions. 3. Of the total sample of 131 azimuth-sensitive cells whose responses to ear plugging were studied, 27 were sensitive to the azimuth of monaurally presented noise bursts. We refer to these as monaural directional (MD) cells, and this report describes their properties. The remainder of the sample consisted of cells that either required binaural stimulation for azimuth sensitivity (63/131), because they were insensitive to azimuth under unilateral ear plug conditions or responded too unreliably to permit detailed conclusions regarding the effect of ear plugging (41/131). 4. Most (25/27) MD cells received either monaural input (MD-E0) or binaural excitatory/inhibitory input (MD-EI), as inferred from ear plugging. Two MD cells showed other characteristics. The contralateral ear was excitatory for 25/27 MD cells. 5. MD-E0 cells (22%, 6/27) were monaural. They were unaffected by unilateral ear plugging, showing that they received excitatory input from one ear, and that stimulation of the other ear was without apparent effect. On the other hand, some monaural cells in AI were insensitive to the azimuth of noise bursts, showing that sensitivity to monaural directional cues is not a property of all monaural cells in AI. 6. MD-EI cells (70%, 19/27) exhibited an increase in responsiveness on the side of the plugged ear, showing that they received excitatory drive from one ear and inhibitory drive from the other. MD-EI cells remained azimuth sensitive with the inhibitory ear plugged, showing that they were sensitive to monaural directional cues at the excitatory ear.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Optogenetic stimulation of the VTA modulates a frequency-specific gain of thalamocortical inputs in infragranular layers of the auditory cortex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. K. Brunk ◽  
Katrina E. Deane ◽  
Martin Kisse ◽  
Matthias Deliano ◽  
Silvia Vieweg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Mongolian Gerbils ◽  
Spectral Processing ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Spectral Integration ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractBackgroundReward associations during auditory learning induce cortical plasticity in the primary auditory cortex. A prominent source of such influence is the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which conveys a dopaminergic teaching signal to the primary auditory cortex. It is currently unknown, however, how the VTA circuitry thereby influences cortical frequency information processing and spectral integration. In this study, we therefore investigated the temporal effects of direct optogenetic stimulation of the VTA onto spectral integration in the auditory cortex on a synaptic circuit level by current-source-density analysis in anesthetized Mongolian gerbils.ResultsWhile auditory lemniscal input predominantly terminates in the granular input layers III/IV, we found that VTA-mediated modulation of spectral processing is relayed by a different circuit, namely enhanced thalamic inputs to the infragranular layers Vb/VIa. Activation of this circuit yields a frequency-specific gain amplification of local sensory input and enhances corticocortical information transfer, especially in supragranular layers I/II. This effects further persisted over more than 30 minutes after VTA stimulation.ConclusionsAltogether, we demonstrate that the VTA exhibits a long-lasting influence on sensory cortical processing via infragranular layers transcending the signaling of a mere reward-prediction error. Our findings thereby demonstrate a cellular and circuit substrate for the influence of reinforcement-evaluating brain systems on sensory processing in the auditory cortex.

Neurons sensitive to interaural phase disparity in gerbil superior olive: diverse monaural and temporal response properties

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1668-1690 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Spitzer ◽  
M. N. Semple
Keyword(s):  
Phase Locking ◽  
Dorsal Region ◽  
Cell Column ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Superior Olive ◽  
Binaural Interaction ◽  
Medial Dorsal ◽  
Interaural Phase ◽  
Monaural Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. We assessed mechanisms of binaural interaction underlying detection of interaural phase disparity (IPD) by recording single-unit responses in the superior olivary complex (SOC) of the anesthetized gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Binaural responses were obtained from 58 IPD-sensitive single units, 44 of which were histologically localized. Monaural responses were also obtained for 52 of 58 IPD-sensitive units. Additionally, responses were recorded from 16 units (best frequency < 2.4 kHz) in lateral SOC that were excited by ipsilateral stimulation and inhibited by contralateral stimulation (EI), none of which was IPD sensitive. Our results are consistent with a mechanism of binaural interaction involving detection of coincident excitatory inputs from the two ears. There was no compelling evidence of binaural sensitivity arising from IPD-dependent interactions of phase-locked excitatory and inhibitory inputs from the two ears. Despite the uniformity of binaural interactions, considerable diversity of temporal and monaural response properties was observed. 2. Monaural and binaural responses of 35 of 58 IPD-sensitive units were phase locked to the period of low-frequency (< 2.5 kHz) tones. Most phase-locking units were bilaterally excitable and, consistent with the coincidence-detection model, their IPD selectivity could be predicted from the difference between the mean phases of the monaural responses. The remaining units (23 of 58) did not phase lock in response to monaural or binaural tones. Most non-phase-locking units failed to respond to monaural stimulation of one or both ears (monaurally unresponsive units). 3. Some IPD-sensitive units were inhibited by monaural stimulation of the ipsilateral ear or both ears. A few units responded only at the onset of monaural and binaural tones. Phase locking was present in responses of some, but not all, of these monaurally inhibited and onset units. 4. Most IPD-sensitive neurons were encountered at sites within or immediately adjacent to the cell column of the medial superior olive (MSO). IPD-sensitive units were also recorded in the lateral superior olive (LSO), in the superior paraolivary nucleus (SPN), and within a region forming a medial-dorsal cap around MSO. Bilaterally excitable unites were concentrated around MSO, but were also encountered in SPN, the medial-dorsal region, and LSO. Some monaurally unresponsive units were recorded in the vicinity of the MSO, but most were located in the medial-dorsal region. Monaurally inhibited units were localized to the medial border of the MSO cell column or to SPN. Onset units were localized to SPN and the medial-dorsal region. EI units were located exclusively in LSO.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Stimulation-mapping of the upper human auditory pathway

1973 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald R. Tasker ◽  
L. W. Organ
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Auditory Pathway ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Medial Geniculate ◽  
Stimulation Of

✓ Auditory hallucinations were produced by electrical stimulation of the human upper brain stem during stereotaxic operations. The responses were confined to stimulation of the inferior colliculus, brachium of the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, and auditory radiations. Anatomical confirmation of an auditory site was obtained in one patient. The hallucination produced was a low-pitched nonspecific auditory “paresthesia” independent of the structure stimulated, the conditions of stimulation, or sonotopic factors. The effect was identical to that reported from stimulating the primary auditory cortex, and virtually all responses were contralateral. These observations have led to the following generalizations concerning electrical stimulation of the somesthetic, auditory, vestibular, and visual pathways within the human brain stem: the hallucination induced in each is the response to comparable conditions of stimulation, is nonspecific, independent of stimulation site, confined to the primary pathway concerned, chiefly contralateral, and identical to that induced by stimulating the corresponding primary auditory cortex. No sensory responses are found in the brain stem corresponding to those from the sensory association cortex.

scholarly journals Bone conducted responses in the neonatal rat auditory cortex

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Makarov ◽  
Mikhail Sintsov ◽  
Guzel Valeeva ◽  
Pavel Starikov ◽  
Dmitriy Negrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Ear Canals ◽  
Biphasic Responses ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractRats are born deaf and start hearing at the end of the second postnatal week, when the ear canals open and low-intensity sounds start to evoke responses in the auditory cortex. Here, using μECoG electrode arrays and intracortical silicon probe recordings, we found that bone-conducted (BC) sounds evoked biphasic responses in the auditory cortex starting from postnatal day (P) 8. The initial phase of these responses, generated by thalamocortical input, was followed by intracortical propagation within supragranular layers. BC-evoked responses co-localized with the responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the cochlea and the deepest layers of the inferior colliculus prior to onset of low-threshold hearing (P13), as well as with the responses evoked by high-frequency (30 kHz) low-intensity (70 dB) air-conducted sounds after that. Thus, BC signals reach high-frequency processing regions of the auditory cortex well before the onset of low-threshold hearing, reflecting early integrity of the auditory system.

Binaural Interaction Revisited in the Cat Primary Auditory Cortex

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiping Zhang ◽  
Kyle T. Nakamoto ◽  
Leonard M. Kitzes
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Response Functions ◽  
Interaction Type ◽  
Binaural Interaction ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Interaural Level Differences ◽  
Tonal Stimuli

The binaural interactions of neurons were studied in the primary auditory cortex (AI) of barbiturate-anesthetized cats with a matrix of binaural tonal stimuli varying in both interaural level differences (ILD) and average binaural level (ABL). The purpose of this study was to determine: 1) the distribution of preferred binaural combinations (PBCs) of a large population of neurons and its relationships with binaural interactions and binaural monotonicity; 2) whether monaural responses are predictive of binaural responses; and 3) whether there is a restricted set of representative binaural stimulus configurations that could effectively classify the binaural interactions. Binaural interactions were often diverse in the matrix and dependent on both ABL and ILD. Compared with previous studies, a higher proportion of mixed binaural interaction type and a lower proportion of EO/I type were found. No monaural neurons were found. Binaural responses often differed from monaural responses in the number of spikes and/or the form of the response functions. The PBCs of the majority of EO and PB neurons were in the contralateral field and midline, respectively. However, the PBCs of EE units were evenly distributed across the contralateral and ipsilateral fields. The majority of the nonmonotonic neurons responded most strongly to lower ABLs, whereas the majority of monotonic neurons responded most strongly to higher ABLs. This study demonstrated that in AI a restricted set of binaural stimulus configurations is not sufficient to reveal the binaural responses properties. Also, monaural responses are not predictive of binaural responses.

Binaural interactions of single neurons in posterior field of cat auditory cortex

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1028-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Orman ◽  
D. P. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Spike Count ◽  
Spectral Amplitude ◽  
Single Neurons ◽  
Midsagittal Plane ◽  
Binaural Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

In the auditory cortex of barbiturate-anesthetized cats, the posterior auditory field (area P) was identified by its tonotopic organization, and single neurons in that field were studied quantitatively with regard to their binaural interactions at their respective best frequencies, using calibrated, sealed stimulating systems. Almost 60% of the neurons studied displayed " summative " binaural interactions in that their responses to binaural, equally intense stimulation of the two ears were stronger than were their responses to monaural stimuli of the same intensity. For these neurons, latent periods were shorter for binaural stimuli than for monaural stimuli. Some field P neurons were sensitive to interaural intensity disparities and manifested that sensitivity in one of two forms. Cells that were excited by stimulation of one ear and inhibited by stimulation of the other typically displayed a sigmoidal relation of spike count to intensive disparity, with spike counts being larger when the disparity favored the contralateral ear. Cells that were unresponsive to monaural stimuli but responded securely to binaural stimuli usually displayed a peaked, nonmonotonic relation of spike count to interaural intensity disparity, with maximal responses being elicited by stimuli with zero or near-zero disparity. Some neurons of low best frequency were sensitive to variations in interaural phase delay. In all cases, this sensitivity was manifested as a cyclical relation of spike count to interaural delay, with the period of the cycle being that of the stimulating tone. The fact that the binaural interactions of field P neurons were similar to those of cells in the primary auditory cortex suggests that the previously described heightened spectral-amplitude selectivity of field P neurons has been achieved without cost to their sensitivity to a variety of parameters of binaural stimulation. The particular sensitivity of cortical neurons to variations in interaural disparities associated with midline or near-midline azimuths might constitute a neural mechanism for the behavioral finding that animals and humans show their greatest acuity in sound localization for stimulus locations in or near the midsagittal plane.

scholarly journals GABA Shapes a Systematic Map of Binaural Sensitivity in the Auditory Cortex

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 517-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaleel A. Razak ◽  
Zoltan M. Fuzessery
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Systematic Map ◽  
Localization Accuracy ◽  
Binaural Stimulation ◽  
Monaural Stimulation ◽  
Organizational Feature ◽  
Contralateral Ear ◽  
Pallid Bat ◽  
Stimulation Of

A consistent organizational feature of auditory cortex is a clustered representation of binaural properties. Here we address two questions. What is the intrinsic organization of binaural clusters and to what extent does intracortical processing contribute to binaural representation. We address these issues in the auditory cortex of the pallid bat. The pallid bat listens to prey-generated noise transients to localize and hunt terrestrial prey. As in other species studied, binaural clusters are present in the auditory cortex of the pallid bat. One cluster contains neurons that require binaural stimulation to be maximally excited, and are commonly termed predominantly binaural (PB) neurons. These neurons do not respond to monaural stimulation of either ear but show a peaked sensitivity to interaural intensity differences (IID) centered near 0 dB IID. We show that the peak IID varies systematically within this cluster. The peak IID is also correlated with the best frequency (BF) of neurons within this cluster. In addition, the IID selectivity of PB neurons is shaped by intracortical GABAergic input. Iontophoresis of GABAA receptor antagonists on PB neurons converts a majority of them to binaurally inhibited (EI) neurons that respond best to sounds favoring the contralateral ear. These data indicate that the cortex does not simply inherit binaural properties from lower levels but instead sharpens them locally through intracortical inhibition. The IID selectivity of the PB cluster indicates that the pallid bat cortex contains an increased representation of the frontal space that may underlie increased localization accuracy in this region.

Effects of ear plugging on single-unit azimuth sensitivity in cat primary auditory cortex. II. Azimuth tuning dependent upon binaural stimulation

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 2194-2216 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. K. Samson ◽  
P. Barone ◽  
J. C. Clarey ◽  
T. J. Imig
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Spectral Cues ◽  
Binaural Stimulation ◽  
Monaural Stimulation ◽  
Monaural Spectral Cues ◽  
Interaural Level Differences

1. Single-unit recordings were carried out in primary auditory cortex (AI) of barbiturate-anesthetized cats. Observations were based on a sample of 131 high-best-frequency (> 5 kHz), azimuth-sensitive neurons. These were identified by their responses to a set of noise bursts, presented in the free field, that varied in azimuth and sound-pressure level (SPL). Each azimuth-sensitive neuron responded well to some levels at certain azimuths, but did not respond well to any level at other azimuths. 2. Unilateral ear plugging was used to infer each neuron's response to monaural stimulation. Ear plugs, produced by injecting a plastic ear mold compound into the external ear, attenuated sound reaching the tympanic membrane by 25–70 dB. The azimuth tuning of a large proportion of the sample (62/131), referred to as binaural directional (BD), was completely dependent upon binaural stimulation because with one ear plugged, these cells were insensitive to azimuth (either responded well at all azimuths or failed to respond at any azimuth) or in a few cases exhibited striking changes in location of azimuth function peaks. This report describes patterns of monaural responses and binaural interactions exhibited by BD neurons and relates them to each cell's azimuth and level tuning. The response of BD cells to ear plugging is consistent with the hypothesis that they derive azimuth tuning from interaural level differences present in noise bursts. Another component of the sample consisted of monaural directional (27/131) cells that derived azimuth tuning in part or entirely from monaural spectral cues. Cells in the remaining portion of the sample (42/131) responded too unreliably to permit specific conclusions. 3. Binaural interactions were inferred by statistical comparison of a cell's responses to monaural (unilateral plug) and binaural (no plug) stimulation. A larger binaural response than either monaural response was taken as evidence for binaural facilitation. A smaller binaural than monaural response was taken as evidence for binaural inhibition. Binaural facilitation was exhibited by 65% (40/62) of the BD sample (facilitatory cells). Many of these exhibited mixed interactions, i.e., binaural facilitation occurred in response to some azimuth-level combinations, and binaural inhibition to others. Binaural inhibition in the absence of binaural facilitation occurred in 35% (22/62) of the BD sample, a majority of which were EI cells, so called because they received excitatory (E) input from one ear (excitatory ear) and inhibitory (I) input from the other (inhibitory ear). One cell that exhibited binaural inhibition received excitatory input from each ear.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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