scholarly journals Noninvasive Screening for Genital Chlamydial Infections in Asymptomatic Men: Strategies and Costs Using a Urine PCR Assay

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosanna W Peeling ◽  
Baldwin Toye ◽  
Peter Jessamine ◽  
Ian Gemmill
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Direct Cost ◽  
Chlamydial Infection ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Unprotected Sex ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Study Participants

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cost saving strategies to screen for genital chlamydial infection in men using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology.METHODS: Men with no urethral symptoms presenting to a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic were recruited. Study participants underwent a questionnaire interview. Urethral swabs were taken to perform a smear for polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) and for the detection ofChlamydia trachomatisby culture and PCR. First-catch urine was collected for a leukocyte esterase test (LET) and PCR.RESULTS:C trachomatisinfection was detected in 36 of 463 (7.8%) men. LET and PMN were positive in 10 (28%) and 12 (33%) infected men, respectively. Risk factors for chlamydial infection were younger than age 25 years, LET-positive, PMN-positive and STD contact (P<0.001). The direct cost of genital chlamydial infection in men in Canada has been previously estimated at $381/case. Based on a sensitivity of 90% for urine PCR, the estimated direct cost of testing all participants to detect 32 cases was $453/case. Using risk factors recommended in the Canadian STD Guidelines (age younger than 25 years, new partner, STD contact or unprotected sex), the same number of cases would have been detected by testing only 384 men at $376/case. Using age younger than 25 years or STD contact as the screening criterion, 78% of those infected would have been detected at $259/case, and no new cases would have been detected by adding LET-positive or PMN-positive as risk factors.CONCLUSION: Targeted screening for chlamydial infection using urine PCR assay and risk factors recommended in the Canadian guidelines could substantially reduce the cost of screening at a STD clinic setting. LET and PMN smear did not appear to be useful indicators of chlamydial infection in this population.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Genital Chlamydial Infection: A Review

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Navarro ◽  
Ann Jolly ◽  
Rama Nair ◽  
Yue Chen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Disease ◽  
Chlamydial Infection ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the occurrence of genital chlamydia in developed countries and review the literature assessing the potential risk factors for this sexually transmitted disease.DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search was performed for all English citations from 1985 to 2000 that contain the keywords "Chlamydia trachomatis", "chlamydial infections", "risk factors" and "sex behaviour". All relevant references cited in articles that were obtained from the search were also included.DATA EXTRACTION: All articles obtained from the above sources were examined, and were included in the review if they met the following criteria: primary study examining sociodemographic or behavioural risk factors associated with genital chlamydial infection using multivariate analysis; study subjects 12 years of age and older; and study setting in a developed country.DATA SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS: Genital chlamydial infection has become the most commonly reported bacterial infection in North America over the past decade. Thirty-eight cross-sectional studies and six cohort studies were included in the present review. Most studies demonstrated that young men and women are at higher risk of being infected with chlamydia than older subjects. Chlamydia seems to be found in a diverse group of people, and unlike gonorrhea, is not concentrated in low income, minority core groups with high rates of partner change. However, a number of studies have shown that communities with well-established control programs are beginning to demonstrate this pattern. There is no clear evidence that chlamydia is associated with type of partners, contraceptive use, or age at first intercourse. Future research should follow this sexually transmitted disease as it evolves through the epidemiological stages to ensure that preventive and treatment services are reaching those people who are most likely to be infected.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of HCV and HIV Antibodies in Tuberculosis Confirmed Patients in Ekiti State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
O. Ojo-Bola ◽  
T. Fagbuyiro ◽  
T. O. Korode ◽  
A. A. Adebowale ◽  
C. T. Omisakin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Unprotected Sex ◽  
P Value ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Hiv Antibodies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of HCV and HIV antibodies in TB confirmed patient attending the Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Ido Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. A total of 500 tuberculosis confirmed patients were selected by random sampling. Their blood samples were collected and assayed for HCV and HIV antibodies using Clinotech diagnostic Anti-HCV detection test and Abbot determine HIV ½  in conjunction with Chembio HIV ½ STAT-PAK assay kit respectively. Out of 500 TB patients tested, 10(2.0%), 21(4.2%) and 3(0.6%) tested positive to HCV, HIV, and HCV/HIV antibodies respectively. Age group 36-45 was the most prevalence of HCV, HIV, and HCV/HIV antibodies with P-value 0.000, 0.000 and 0.002 respectively. The associated risk factors were alcoholism 14 (45.2%), being the highest identified risk factor, followed by previous unprotected sex, multiple sex partner, previous blood donor, previous transfusion, tattoos, and history of the Sexually transmitted disease being the least risk factor 3 (9.68%). The degree of disparity in regards to HCV, HIV and co-exists of HCV/HIV antibodies between 302 male and 198 female that participated were not statistically significant. (P-value 0.531, 0.549,and 0.824 for HCV, HIV and HCV/HIV antibodies respectively).These findings confirmed that both HCV and HIV can co-exist in TB patients, and may increase the risk of antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity, if overlooked, there will be a greater risk for TB patients, and these infections will continue to spread through the associated risk factors. However, in managing the TB patients, there is a need to screen for Anti- HCV, as it has been for HIV antibody.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Hepatitis C Infection Among Sexually Transmitted Disease-Infected, Inner City Obstetric Patients

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youyin Choy ◽  
Lisa Gittens-Williams ◽  
Joseph Apuzzio ◽  
Joan Skurnick ◽  
Carl Zollicoffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
High Risk ◽  
General Population ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Hepatitis C Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted

Objective:To test the hypothesis that our inner city obstetric patients who have been infected with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) will have a higher prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection than the general population and to identify specific risk factors and high-risk groups.Methods:All patients in our prenatal clinic (July 1997–April 1999) who tested positive for one or more STDs were asked to return for hepatitis C antibody testing. Medical charts of all patients who returned for hepatitis C testing were reviewed.Results:A total of 106 patients with STDs were tested for hepatitis C. Positive screening tests for anti-hepatitis C antibody were found in 6.6% (7/106) of the patients (95% CI = 2.7–13.1%). This frequency is significantly higher than the hepatitis C prevalence (1.8%) in the general United States population (p= 0.006). Multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed only older age (p= 0.016) and positive HIV status (p= 0.023) to be significant predictors of hepatitis C infection.Conclusions:Inner city STD-infected obstetric patients are at high risk for hepatitis C infection compared with the general population. Increasing age and HIV-positive status are risk factors which are significantly associated with hepatitis C infection.

scholarly journals OCCURRENCE AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATITIS C IN A WESTERN BRAZILIAN AMAZON STATE

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel de Deus VIEIRA ◽  
Cledson Gonçalves VENTURA ◽  
Camila Maciel de SOUSA
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
The State ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The One ◽  
Disease Exposure

Context Hepatitis C causes a major impact on public health due to the high prevalence in the population. Objectives Evaluate the epidemiological data of hepatitis C in the State of Rondônia, Brazil. Methods Data from hepatitis C were analyzed during the period 2002 to 2012, assigned by the Agency for Sanitary Vigilance of the State of Rondônia. The variables studied were: year of diagnosis, gender, age, associated disease, exposure to risk factors and clinical presentation. Results Eight hundred fifty-nine cases were reported during the study period. Of this total, 542 (63.1%) cases were male. In relation to age group, the one with the highest number of cases was between 40-59 years (54%), followed by 20-39 years (33.5%). In relation to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) association, 1.8% of patients had HIV and 2.1% other type of sexually transmitted disease. About exposure to risk factors, 288 (28.1%) individuals were exposed to a surgical procedure. Was also analyzed the clinical form of the disease, 9.9% are in acute disease and 91.1% in the chronic phase. Conclusions In the State of Rondônia, hepatitis C had a mean annual incidence of 5.1 cases/100,000 inhabitants, similar to the national rate.

scholarly journals 945. Prevalence of HIV Associated Non-AIDS Conditions and Associated Risk Factors among Hospitalized HIV-infected Patients in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S504-S505
Author(s):  
Amyeo A Jereen ◽  
Celia Kucera ◽  
Saniya Pervin ◽  
Muralidhar Varma ◽  
Radhakrishnan Rajesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Patient Risk ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background HIV-associated non-AIDS (HANA) conditions are becoming common as People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWHIV) age. However, data estimating the prevalence of HANA conditions and associated risk factors is lacking in developing countries. This study evaluates reasons for hospitalizations among PLWHIV in Udupi, India in the antiretroviral era, and describes associated risk factors. Methods Demographic and clinical data were extracted from medical charts of 1280 HIV-infected patients 18 years and older who were admitted to Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, India between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2017, for a total of 2157 hospitalizations. Primary reasons for hospitalization were categorized into AIDS-defining vs Non-AIDS-defining and HANA vs Non-HANA conditions (Fig 1). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate demographic and clinical factors associated with hospitalizations due to AIDS-defining illness and HANA conditions. Categorization of Reasons for Hospitalization Results Patients’ median age was 45 (18-80) years; 70% male. Median age of patients with AIDS-defining illness (45% of hospitalizations) was lower at 44 (18-75) years compared with HANA (15% of hospitalizations) at 48 (21-80) years. Age (OR, 95% CI) (0.985, 0.974-0.995), admission CD4 (0.998, 0.997 - 0.998), history of hypertension (HTN) (0.59, 0.42-0.82), stroke (0.49, 0.24 - 0.93), diabetes (1.56, 1.10 - 2.19), and AIDS-defining cancers (1.74, 1.05 - 2.89) were associated with AIDS-defining hospitalizations (Fig 2). Additionally, age (1.016, 1.001 - 1.031), history of HTN (1.70, 1.16 - 2.46), coronary artery disease (CAD) (4.02, 1.87- 9.02), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (2.30, 1.15 - 4.61), stroke (2.93, 1.46 - 5.96), Hepatitis B (3.32, 1.66- 6.72), Hepatitis C (16.1, 2.84 - 314), sexually transmitted disease (STD) (3.76, 1.38- 10.8), and HANA-associated cancer (2.44, 1.28- 6.42) were associated with HANA hospitalizations (Fig 3). Patient Risk Factors for AIDS-related Hospitalization Patient Risk Factors for HANA-related Hospitalization Conclusion Prevalence of HANA conditions was lower than AIDS-defining illnesses possibly because of a younger population. Patients with AIDS-defining illnesses were also likely to have HANA conditions. Early detection and effective treatment of both HIV and HANA conditions is essential to decrease hospitalizations in low-resource settings. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in a public colposcopy clinic population

Sexual Health ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney W. Petersen ◽  
Sepehr N. Tabrizi ◽  
Suzanne Garland ◽  
Julie A. Quinlivan
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Chlamydial Infection ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Clinic Population ◽  
Colposcopy Clinic

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is a major public health issue, with notifications of this sexually transmitted disease continuing to rise in Australia. Women attending colposcopy clinics are referred for treatment of cervical abnormalities often associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. There is evidence that women who have acquired one sexually transmitted infection, such as HPV, are at higher risk of acquiring another. Women attending colposcopy clinics may therefore be at risk of undiagnosed infection with C. trachomatis. Aim: To determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis in women attending a public metropolitan colposcopy clinic in Victoria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed. Institutional ethics committee approval and informed consent were obtained. Consecutive women attending the colposcopy clinic completed a questionnaire and had a swab collected from the endocervix for analysis by polymerase chain reaction for C. trachomatis. Positive screens were treated in accordance with best practice. Data were analysed with Minitab Version 2004 (Minitab Inc, State College, PA, USA). Results: Of 581 women approached to participate in the trial, consent was obtained from 568 women (98%) and final outcome data was available on 560 women (99%). The overall rate of chlamydial infection was 2.1% (95% CI 1.5–2.7%). However, in women aged 25 years or less the rate was 5.8% (95% CI 3.8–7.8%) and in women over 25 years it was only 0.9% (95% CI 0.4–1.4%). Apart from age, no other demographic factor was significantly associated with chlamydial infection. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of chlamydial infection in the colposcopy clinic population as a whole does not warrant a policy for routine screening, screening directed at women aged 25 years or less would gain the greatest yields in terms of cost efficacy. Such a policy should be implemented as standard practice.

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