scholarly journals The Effects of Red and Blue Lights on Circadian Variations in Cortisol, Alpha Amylase, and Melatonin

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana G. Figueiro ◽  
Mark S. Rea
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
Circadian Variations ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
Melatonin Suppression ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
The Impact

The primary purpose of the present study was to expand our understanding of the impact of light exposures on the endocrine and autonomic systems as measured by acute cortisol, alpha amylase, and melatonin responses. We utilized exposures from narrowband long-wavelength (red) and from narrow-band short-wavelength (blue) lights to more precisely understand the role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in these responses. In a within-subjects experimental design, twelve subjects periodically received one-hour corneal exposures of 40 lux from the blue or from the red lights while continuously awake for 27 hours. Results showed-that, as expected, only the blue light reduced nocturnal melatonin. In contrast, both blue and red lights affected cortisol levels and, although less clear, alpha amylase levels as well. The present data bring into question whether the nonvisual pathway mediating nocturnal melatonin suppression is the same as that mediating other responses to light exhibited by the endocrine and the autonomic nervous systems.

scholarly journals Basic Income, Wages, and Productivity: A Laboratory Experiment

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veera Amanda Jokipalo
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Unemployment Benefit ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Unemployment Benefits ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper reports the results of an economic lab experiment designed to test the impact of Basic Income (BI) on wages and productivity. The experimental design is based on the classic gift exchange game. Participants assigned the role of employer were tasked with making wage offers, and those assigned as employees chose how hard they would work in return. In addition to a control without any social security net, BI was compared to unemployment benefits, and both types of cash transfers were tested at two levels. The results are that wage offers were increased in both the BI and unemployment benefit treatments compared to the control. The higher-level BI treatment also significantly increased effort. Further experimentation could shed more light on how the potential extra value created in the labor market through increased productivity would be divided between employers and employees.

The impact of online reviews on destination trust and travel intention: The moderating role of online review trustworthiness

2021 ◽  
pp. 135676672110632
Author(s):  
Lujun Su ◽  
Qingyue Yang ◽  
Scott R Swanson ◽  
Ning Chris Chen
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Online Reviews ◽  
Online Review ◽  
Emotional Intensity ◽  
Intensity Changes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

This study explores the impact of the valence (positive/negative) and emotional intensity (strong/weak) of online reviews on potential Chinese visitors’ travel intentions and trust of a destination. An experimental design was used to test the hypotheses. Findings suggest that online review valence and emotional intensity affect travel intentions and that destination trust can partially mediate this relationship. Changes in destination trust and travel intention due to positive/negative review emotional intensity changes are not equivalent. Furthermore, online review trustworthiness moderates the valence and destination trust and travel intention relationships, but not the effect of review emotional intensity on the same outcomes.

Reconsidering the Role of Design Standards in Developing Effective Safety Labeling: Monolithic Recipes or Collections of Separable Features?

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 920-952
Author(s):  
Michael J. Kalsher ◽  
William G. Obenauer ◽  
Christopher F. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Actual Compliance ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
The Impact

Objective This research investigated whether safety labeling design guidelines, such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z535 series, contribute to better warnings. Background Studies investigating the impact of safety label formatting on warning effectiveness have produced mixed findings. Additionally, research has failed to find a consistent relationship between measures of predicted and actual compliance. One commonality is that all of these studies have investigated the ANSI Z535 guidelines as a binary variable rather than as an integrative system of separable features. Method We measured predicted compliance using both a within-subjects and a between-subjects design, but actual compliance using only a between-subjects design. Data were analyzed using both analysis of variance and linear/probit regressions to test the relationships between warning features recommended in the ANSI Z535 guidelines and measures of behavioral compliance. Results Predicted compliance assessed via a within-subjects design differed greatly from predicted compliance assessed via a between-subjects design. Levels of predicted and actual compliance were most similar when both measures were assessed using a between-subjects design. Consistent with previous research, location had a strong relationship with actual compliance, but surprisingly, presence of an ANSI-style orange warning header had a negative relationship with compliance. Conclusion The choice of experimental design and analytical methods can dramatically influence a study’s results and conclusions drawn. This research identified several aspects of experimental design that should be considered in future research on warning effectiveness. Application Testing features recommended in the ANSI Z535 guidelines under varying conditions can contribute to the development of more effective warnings.

scholarly journals Impact of temperature and photoperiod on survival and biomarkers of senescence in common woodlouse

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Depeux ◽  
Ascel Samba-Louaka ◽  
Christine Braquart-Varnier ◽  
Jérôme Moreau ◽  
Jean-François Lemaître ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Galactosidase Activity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMost living organisms display a decline in physiological performances when ageing, a process called senescence that is most often associated with increased mortality risk. Previous researches have shown that both the timing and the intensity of senescence vary a lot within and among species, but the role of environmental factors in this variation is still poorly understood. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the impact of environmental conditions on the strength of senescence using an experimental design applied to a population of common woodlouse Armadillidium vulgare intensively monitored in the lab. Cellular senescence biomarkers are available in woodlouse and are age-related. These biomarkers provide relevant biomarkers to test the impact of environmental conditions, through changes in temperature and photoperiod, on individuals of the same age maintained in different environmental conditions. We found different effects of the environmental changing: the increasing of day light modification leaded the same effect as age on our senescence biomarkers while temperature modifications leaded the opposite effect as age on the β-galactosidase activity and cell size. We also demonstrated the existence of sex-specific responses to changes in environmental conditions. By using an experimental approach and biomarkers of senescence in woodlouse, we show that environmental conditions and sex both shape the diversity observed in senescence patterns of woodlouse and underline the importance of identifying senescence biomarkers to understand how environmental conditions influence the evolution of senescence.

scholarly journals The Role of Suggestions and Tips in Distorting a Third Party’s Decision

Games ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Parra
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Specific Amount

This paper experimentally investigates the impact of suggestive messages and tipping on a third party’s judgment. The experimental design uses a model with three players, wherein two players (A and B) create a joint project, and the third player (C) decides how to divide the project’s earnings between the first two players. In two treatments, player B has an opportunity to influence player C’s decision via a numeric message or an ex-post tip. The main finding of this paper is that giving player B the option to suggest a specific amount to the allocator does not increase his share. In contrast, when player C knows that player B can send him a tip, the share awarded to player B increases.

scholarly journals The Impact of CEO Ethnicity and Language Choice on Crisis Communication in Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Barkley
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Crisis Communication ◽  
Language Choice ◽  
Organizational Reputation ◽  
Spokesperson Credibility ◽  
Crisis Responses ◽  
The Impact

Spokesperson ethnicity research has shown that organizations can benefit from matching spokespersons to their target audiences. However, one facet of Japanese crisis communication can make this approach difficult for foreign organizations facing crises in Japan. The Japanese tendency to focus on collective-level causality and place blame with leaders through proxy logic, frequently forces CEOs into the role of crisis spokesperson. The current study utilized an experimental design to examine the effect of CEO ethnicity and language choice on how culturally matched and unmatched crisis responses were evaluated by a Japanese audience. Specifically, participants’ perceptions of ideological similarity, spokesperson credibility, and organizational reputation were compared between the Japanese CEO baseline and a Caucasian CEO speaking either in English or Japanese. The study found that the foreign CEO condition was evaluated more favorably across all measures independent of response match but found variations in the impact of choosing to forgo a translator in favor of delivering the response in Japanese.

A Model for the Interpretation of CARS Experimental Profiles

1982 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Kotlar ◽  
John A. Vanderhoff
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Frequency Dependence ◽  
Numerical Integration ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Simple Formalism

A simple formalism is presented for interpreting the influence of experimental design parameters on CARS profiles. An explanation for the observed CARS signal is given in terms of idealized limiting cases for both narrow band and broadband applications, with the role of the detector slit function emphasized in interpreting experimental results. Expressions are derived that reduce the calculation of the CARS signal to a single numerical integration for Gaussian laser profiles and both Gaussian and triangular slit functions. These expressions explicitly contain the experimental design parameters. For flexibility, the form of the susceptibility is unspecified except for a single frequency dependence.

Effects of lorazepam on prosaccades and saccadic adaptation

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
Katharina Bey ◽  
Julia V Lippold ◽  
Behrem Aslan ◽  
René Hurlemann ◽  
Ulrich Ettinger
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Learning Gain ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Saccadic Adaptation ◽  
Spatial Consistency ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
The Impact

Background: Benzodiazepines have reliable adverse effects on saccadic eye movements, but the impact of sex as a potential modulator of these effects is less clear. A recent study reported stronger adverse effects on the spatial consistency of saccades in females, which may reflect sex differences in cerebellar mechanisms. Aims: We aimed to further examine the role of sex as a potential modulator of benzodiazepine effects by employing the saccadic adaptation paradigm, which is known to be sensitive to cerebellar functioning. Methods: A total of n=50 healthy adults performed a horizontal step prosaccade task and a saccadic adaptation task under 0.5 mg lorazepam, 1 mg lorazepam and placebo in a double-blind, within-subjects design. Results: In the prosaccade task, lorazepam had adverse effects on measures of peak velocity, latency and spatial consistency. The administration of 0.5 mg lorazepam led to significant reductions in gain-decrease adaptation, while a dose of 1 mg did not impair adaptation learning. Gain-increase adaptation was generally less pronounced, and unaffected by the drug. There were no significant drug×sex interactions in either task. Conclusions: We conclude that a low dose of lorazepam impairs gain-decrease adaptation independent of sex. At higher doses, however, increasing fatigue may facilitate adaptation and thus counteract the adverse effects observed at lower doses. With regards to prosaccades, our findings confirm peak velocity as well as latency and spatial measures as sensitive biomarkers of GABAergic effects.

Daily Diary Study of Emotion, Motivation, and Eating Expectancies in Loss of Control Eating

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Burr ◽  
Robert Dvorak ◽  
Ardhys De Leon ◽  
Angelina Leary ◽  
Roselyn Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binge Eating ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
Loss Of Control Eating ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Coping Motives ◽  
Eating Expectancies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Loss-of-control eating (LOCE) is a component of binge eating, which involves the subjective inability to refrain from eating or cease eating once started. LOCE behavior is highly prevalent and associated with adverse consequences, even without objective over-eating, and has also been found to be highly affect-driven. Affect-related eating motives, as well as eating expectancies, have also been found to be significant contributors to LOCE behavior in binge eating contexts. However, little is known about how motives and expectancies contribute to LOCE regardless of quantity of food eaten, much less the impact of motives on LOCE behaviors, or the role of expectancies on daily-level contributions to LOCE. The current study assessed the role of eating expectancies and motives on the relationship between affective states and LOCE behavior at the daily level. A national sample of United States (U.S.) adults (n = 109), who reported an average of two or more LOCE episodes per week, were recruited via social media for a ten-day dairy study. Participants completed two surveys per day regarding eating behaviors, affect, and eating motives. Data were analyzed at the within- and between-subject levels utilizing a Bayesian approach to examine pathways from mood to LOCE, mediated by eating motives and accounting for a moderating impact of trait-level eating expectancies measured at baseline. At the within-subjects level, negative mood predicted LOCE, a relationship that was partially mediated by coping motives. Between-subjects, coping motives fully mediated the relationship between negative mood and LOCE. Furthermore, an indirect effect between positive mood and LOCE was found at the within-subjects level, which was moderated by reward expectancy. This study provides useful insight into the role of daily-level motives and expectancies influencing LOCE behavior. Findings and directions for future research are discussed.

The Sensory Dimension of Sustainable Retailing

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-83
Author(s):  
Diletta Acuti ◽  
Virginia Vannucci ◽  
Gabriele Pizzi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Consumer Perceptions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Sustainability Research ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
The Impact

The chapter contributes to recent debate on retailing and sustainability, addressing the role of atmospherics in affecting consumer perceptions. First, after reviewing the relevant literature about sustainable retailing, this research addresses some practices oriented towards sustainability that can be implemented by a retailer, and how they can be communicated to consumers. Then, using an experimental design, the authors test the impact of sustainability-oriented visual atmospherics on consumer perceptions and intentions. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of past and current sustainability research in retailing, with a particular emphasis on store atmospherics. Future research should try to integrate the findings by investigating other sensory stimuli, such as tactile or auditory ones.

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