scholarly journals The Parietal Cortex in Sensemaking: The Dissociation of Multiple Types of Spatial Information

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanlong Sun ◽  
Hongbin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Mathematical Thinking ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Perceptual Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sensemaking Process ◽  
Network Simulations ◽  
Different Levels

According to the data-frame theory, sensemaking is a macrocognitive process in which people try to make sense of or explain their observations by processing a number of explanatory structures called frames until the observations and frames become congruent. During the sensemaking process, the parietal cortex has been implicated in various cognitive tasks for the functions related to spatial and temporal information processing, mathematical thinking, and spatial attention. In particular, the parietal cortex plays important roles by extracting multiple representations of magnitudes at the early stages of perceptual analysis. By a series of neural network simulations, we demonstrate that the dissociation of different types of spatial information can start early with a rather similar structure (i.e., sensitivity on a common metric), but accurate representations require specific goal-directed top-down controls due to the interference in selective attention. Our results suggest that the roles of the parietal cortex rely on the hierarchical organization of multiple spatial representations and their interactions. The dissociation and interference between different types of spatial information are essentially the result of the competition at different levels of abstraction.

Supporting Physicians in the Detection of the Interactions between Treatments of Co-Morbid Patients

2018 ◽  
pp. 522-550
Author(s):  
Luca Piovesan ◽  
Gianpaolo Molino ◽  
Paolo Terenziani
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Clinical Practice Guidelines ◽  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Knowledge Structures ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Interaction Detection ◽  
General Methodology ◽  
Different Levels

The treatment of patients affected by multiple diseases (comorbid patients) is one of the main challenges for modern healthcare. Clinical practice guidelines are widely used to support physicians, providing them evidence-based information of interventions, but only on individual pathologies. This sets up the urgent need of developing methodologies to support physicians in the detection of interactions between guidelines, to help them in the treatment of comorbid patients. In this chapter, the authors identify different levels of abstractions in the analysis of interactions, based on both the hierarchical organization of clinical guidelines (in which composite actions are refined into their components) and the hierarchy of drug categories. They then propose a general methodology (data/knowledge structures and reasoning algorithms operating on them) supporting user-driven and flexible interaction detection over multiple levels of abstraction.

scholarly journals Philosophical Ontology and Rational Justification: The Ontological Aspects of Theoretical Knowledge

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Valentin N. Karpovich
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Rational Justification ◽  
Traditional Logic ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Philosophical Ontology ◽  
Different Levels

Philosophical ontology is a difficult to define category of objects, right up to the mixing of different levels of abstraction. As a result, various interpretations are possible, even paradoxical ones. Modern logical theories, unlike traditional logic, make it possible to identify the difficulties and outline ways to explain different types of ontological premises of theoretical knowledge, including philosophical doctrines.

Supporting Physicians in the Detection of the Interactions between Treatments of Co-Morbid Patients

2015 ◽  
pp. 165-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Piovesan ◽  
Gianpaolo Molino ◽  
Paolo Terenziani
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Clinical Practice Guidelines ◽  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Knowledge Structures ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Interaction Detection ◽  
General Methodology ◽  
Different Levels

The treatment of patients affected by multiple diseases (comorbid patients) is one of the main challenges for modern healthcare. Clinical practice guidelines are widely used to support physicians, providing them evidence-based information of interventions, but only on individual pathologies. This sets up the urgent need of developing methodologies to support physicians in the detection of interactions between guidelines, to help them in the treatment of comorbid patients. In this chapter, the authors identify different levels of abstractions in the analysis of interactions, based on both the hierarchical organization of clinical guidelines (in which composite actions are refined into their components) and the hierarchy of drug categories. They then propose a general methodology (data/knowledge structures and reasoning algorithms operating on them) supporting user-driven and flexible interaction detection over multiple levels of abstraction.

scholarly journals DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BEGINNING AND ADVANCED STUDENTS USING SPECIFIC ANALOGICAL STIMULI DURING DESIGN-BY-ANALOGY

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1273-1282
Author(s):  
Jiang Xu ◽  
Han Lu ◽  
Yu Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Design Problem ◽  
Design Education ◽  
Free Association ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Design Fixation ◽  
Advanced Students ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Design By Analogy ◽  
Beginning Students ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractStudies reported the effects of different types and different levels of abstraction of analogical stimuli on designers. However, specific, single visual analogical stimuli on the effects of designers have not been reported. We define this type of stimuli as specific analogical stimuli. We used the extended linkography method to analyze the facilitating and limiting effects of specific analogical stimuli and free association analogical stimuli (nonspecific analogical stimuli) on the students' creativity at different design levels. The results showed that: (1) Advanced students focused on exploring the depth of the design problem while beginning students tended to explore the breadth of the design problem. (2) Nonspecific analogical stimuli enhanced the creativity of beginning students. However, its impact on advanced students is less pronounced. (3) The specific analogical stimuli attract the students into design fixation. Furthermore, it has a more pronounced effect on advanced students. These results illustrate the differences in the effects of specific analogy stimuli on the students at different design levels. It clarifies the use of analogical stimuli in design and the teaching of analogical design methods in design education.

scholarly journals Model-Driven Architectural Framework towards Safe and Secure Nuclear Power Reactors

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5136
Author(s):  
Bassem Ouni ◽  
Christophe Aussagues ◽  
Saadia Dhouib ◽  
Chokri Mraidha
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
System Development ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Case System ◽  
Architectural Framework ◽  
Performance Check ◽  
High Level ◽  
Different Levels

Sensor-based digital systems for Instrumentation and Control (I&C) of nuclear reactors are quite complex in terms of architecture and functionalities. A high-level framework is highly required to pre-evaluate the system’s performance, check the consistency between different levels of abstraction and address the concerns of various stakeholders. In this work, we integrate the development process of I&C systems and the involvement of stakeholders within a model-driven methodology. The proposed approach introduces a new architectural framework that defines various concepts, allowing system implementations and encompassing different development phases, all actors, and system concerns. In addition, we define a new I&C Modeling Language (ICML) and a set of methodological rules needed to build different architectural framework views. To illustrate this methodology, we extend the specific use of an open-source system engineering tool, named Eclipse Papyrus, to carry out many automation and verification steps at different levels of abstraction. The architectural framework modeling capabilities will be validated using a realistic use case system for the protection of nuclear reactors. The proposed framework is able to reduce the overall system development cost by improving links between different specification tasks and providing a high abstraction level of system components.

scholarly journals Order in Space: A General Formalism for Spatial Reasoning

1997 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 423-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baher A. El-Geresy ◽  
Alia I. Abdelmoty
Keyword(s):  
Space Dimension ◽  
Spatial Reasoning ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Spatial Objects ◽  
Temporal Domain ◽  
Spatial Information Systems ◽  
Connected Set ◽  
General Constraints ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Composition Table

In this paper we propose a general approach for reasoning in space. The approach is composed of a set of two general constraints to govern the spatial relationships between objects in space, and two rules to propagate relationships between those objects. The approach is based on a novel representation of the topology of the space as a connected set of components using a structure called adjacency matrix which can capture the topology of objects of different complexity in any space dimension. The formalism is used to explain spatial compositions resulting in indefinite and definite relations and it is shown to be applicable to reasoning in the temporal domain. The main contribution of the formalism is that it provides means for constructing composition tables for objects with arbitrary complexity in any space dimension. A new composition table between spatial objects of different types is presented. A major advantage of the method is that reasoning between objects of any complexity can be achieved in a defined limited number of steps. Hence, the incorporation of spatial reasoning mechanisms in spatial information systems becomes possible.

Neural Representation of Space Using Sinusoidal Arrays

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Touretzky ◽  
A. David Redish ◽  
Hank S. Wan
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
Spiking Neurons ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Representation Of Space

O'Keefe (1991) has proposed that spatial information in rats might be represented as phasors: phase and amplitude of a sine wave encoding angle and distance to a landmark. We describe computer simulations showing that operations on phasors can be efficiently realized by arrays of spiking neurons that recode the temporal dimension of the sine wave spatially. Some cells in motor and parietal cortex exhibit response properties compatible with this proposal.

Accessing offshoring advantages: what and how to offshore

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 262-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alona Mykhaylenko ◽  
Ágnes Motika ◽  
Brian Vejrum Waehrens ◽  
Dmitrij Slepniov
Keyword(s):  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Offshore Outsourcing ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Captive Offshoring ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Governance Modes ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Do So

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to advance the understanding of factors that affect offshoring performance results. To do so, this paper focuses on the access to location-specific advantages, rather than solely on the properties of the offshoring company, its strategy or environment. Assuming that different levels of synergy may exist between particular offshoring strategic decisions (choosing offshore outsourcing or captive offshoring and the type of function) and different offshoring advantages, this work advocates that the actual fact of realization of certain offshoring advantages (getting or not getting access to them) is a more reliable predictor of offshoring success. Design/methodology/approach – A set of hypotheses derived from the extant literature is tested on the data from a quantitative survey of 1,143 Scandinavian firms. Findings – The paper demonstrates that different governance modes and types of offshored function indeed provide different levels of access to different types of location-specific offshoring advantages. This difference may help to explain the ambiguity of offshoring initiatives performance results. Research limitations/implications – Limitations of the work include using only the offshoring strategy elements and only their limited variety as factors potentially influencing access to offshoring advantages. Also, the findings are limited to Scandinavian companies. Originality/value – The paper introduces a new concept of access, which can help to more reliably predict performance outcomes of offshoring initiatives. Recommendations are also provided to practitioners dealing with offshoring initiatives.

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