scholarly journals CagA-PositiveHelicobacter pyloriInfection and Reduced Sperm Motility, Vitality, and Normal Morphology

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Moretti ◽  
G. Collodel ◽  
L. Mazzi ◽  
M. S. Campagna ◽  
N. Figura
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Normal Forms ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Normal Morphology ◽  
Partial Linear ◽  
Caga Status ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Autoimmune Phenomena

Helicobacter pylori(HP) infection, particularly when caused by strains expressing CagA, may be considered a concomitant cause of male and female reduced fertility. This study explored, in 87 HP-infected males, the relationship between infection by CagA-positive HP strains and sperm parameters. HP infection and CagA status were determined by ELISA and Western blotting; semen analysis was performed following WHO guidelines. The amino acid sequence of human enzymes involved in glycolysis and oxidative metabolism were “blasted” with peptides expressed by HP J99. Thirty-seven patients (42.5%) were seropositive for CagA. Sperm motility (18% versus 32%; ), sperm vitality (35% versus 48%; ) and the percentage of sperm with normal forms (18% versus 22%; ) in the CagA-positive group were significantly reduced versus those in the CagA-negative group. All the considered enzymes showed partial linear homology with HP peptides, but four enzymes aligned with four different segments of the samecagisland protein. We hypothesize a relationship between infection by strains expressing CagA and decreased sperm quality. Potentially increased systemic levels of inflammatory cytokines that occur in infection by CagA-positive strains and autoimmune phenomena that involve molecular mimicry could explain the pathogenetic mechanism of alterations observed.

scholarly journals Incidence and impact of hyperviscosity on sperm parameters of Malawian men seeking assisted reproduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Fanuel Lampiao ◽  
Joseph Chisaka
Keyword(s):  
Male Infertility ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Volume Concentration ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Infertility Treatment ◽  
Normal Morphology ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Accessory Sex Glands ◽  
Semen Volume

Background: Seminal hyperviscosity has been shown to be associated with male infertility. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hyperviscosity in semen of Malawian males seeking infertility treatment. Methods: A total of 120 men visiting our laboratory for fertility assessment donated semen samples. The semen samples were assessed for hyperviscosity, volume, concentration, total motility, progressive motility, viability, and morphology. Results: Out of the 120 samples analyzed, 34 samples were hyperviscous representing 28.3%. No significant statistical differ- ence in semen volume between samples with normal viscosity compared to those with hyperviscosity (p>0.05). Sperm concen- tration, progressive motility, total motility, viability, and normal morphology were significantly higher in the normal viscosity group when compared to the abnormal viscocity group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Hyperviscosity affects a significant number of men in Malawi and may be the cause of decreased fertility as it was associated with poor sperm concentration, total motility, progressive motility, viability, and morphology. Keywords: Viscosity; sperm motility; accessory sex glands; infertility; semen; semen analysis; spermatozoa.

scholarly journals Influence of Lifestyle and Environmental Factors on Semen Quality in Ghanaian Men

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Richard Michael Blay ◽  
Abigail Duah Pinamang ◽  
Augustine E. Sagoe ◽  
Ewurama Dedea Ampadu Owusu ◽  
Nii Koney-Kwaku Koney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Male Infertility ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Lifestyle Habits

Introduction. Male infertility is known to contribute about half of all infertility cases. In Ghana, the prevalence of male infertility is higher (15.8%) than in females (11.8%). Sperm quality is associated with the likelihood of pregnancy and known to be the cause of male fertility problems 90% of the time. Exposure to certain environmental factors reduces semen quality in men. The study examined the effects of environmental and lifestyle factors on semen quality in Ghanaian men. Materials and Methods. This was a cross-sectional study involving 80 apparent healthy adult males in their reproductive age. Participants were males referred to the laboratory (Immunology Unit of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital) for semen analysis test and/or culture and sensitivity. Participants were made to fill out a questionnaire which entailed selected environmental factors (accidents or trauma, exposure to chemicals, radiation, and heat) and lifestyle habits (including alcohol consumption, smoking, and whether participants sat more or less than 4 hours per day). Semen samples were then collected by masturbation into sterile containers and analysed in accordance with WHO guidance for semen analysis within 60 minutes after ejaculation and collection. Results. About 69% of participants had semen pH within the normal range compared to 15% whose pH were lower than 7.2. There was a significantly high number of immotile sperm cells ( p value = 0.017) in participants who sat for more than 4 hours as compared to those that sat for less than 4 hours in a day. Active sperm motility and viability showed significant increase ( p value = 0.002 and 0.009, respectively) in participants who kept their cell phones in their side pockets. Smoking produced a twofold decrease in sperm count as smokers had a significantly lower sperm count ( 12.28 ± 10.95 × 10 6 /ml) compared to the smoke-free ( 23.85 ± 22.14 × 10 6 /ml). For exposure to STDs, no significant differences were recorded among study groups concerning semen quality. Conclusion. Sperm quality in Ghanaian men is associated with lifestyle habits. Smoking and sitting for long hours influenced sperm motility and count, respectively. Knowledge of the factors that influence sperm quality in this geographical region can contribute to informed decisions on effective management of infertility in Ghanaian men.

24 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BOAR SPERM TRAITS AND FERTILITY RATE FOLLOWING ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION UNDER SMALLHOLDER PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
M. B. Matabane ◽  
P. Nethenzheni ◽  
R. Thomas ◽  
D. Norris ◽  
K. Nephawe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fertility Traits ◽  
Sperm Traits ◽  
Motility Rate

The prediction of sperm fertility has a great economic importance to the pig breeding industry. The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between boar sperm quality and fertility following artificial insemination (AI) under smallholder production systems. A total of 18 ejaculates were collected from 3 breeding boars using a hand-gloved technique. Aliquots of diluted semen were assessed for sperm motility using a computer aided sperm analysis before AI. Sperm viability was evaluated using Synthetic Binding CD-14 (SYBR-14+)/propidium iodide (PI–), whereas sperm morphology was evaluated using Eosin Nigrosin staining. Fluorescent microscope was used at 100× magnification to count 200 sperm per slide. The semen was extended with Beltsville Thawing Solution and contained 3 × 109 sperm/dose. A total of 73 multiparous sows were inseminated twice. Fertility was measured by conception rate, farrowing rate, litter size and number of piglets born alive following AI. Sperm quality and fertility data were analysed using one-way ANOVA. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to determine the relationship between sperm quality and fertility traits. The mean values for total sperm motility ranged from 93.5 to 96.8%. Progressive and rapid sperm motility differed significantly (P < 0.05) among the boars. However, no significant differences were found for sperm velocity traits. The mean values for morphologically normal sperm ranged from 47.8 to 60.9% and live sperm ranged from 71.8 to 77.2%, but did not differ significantly among the boars (P > 0.05). Conception rate from different boars varied (P < 0.05) from 63.6 to 93.3%. Of all fertility traits studied, conception rate was significantly related to total sperm motility rate (r = 0.34, P < 0.0029), progressive motility (r = 0.29, P < 0.0141) and rapid motility (r = 0.34, P < 0.0032), although relatively low. There was a low positive relationship between morphologically normal sperm and fertility traits (P > 0.05). In conclusion, total, progressive, and rapid sperm motility rate were the only sperm traits significantly related to conception rate. Conversely, litter size and number born alive were not correlated with sperm motility, viability, or morphology traits.

180 ASSESSMENT OF BULL SEMEN QUALITY LOADED IN NEW SensiTemp STRAWS USING SEMEN AND IN VITRO PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
D. Le Bourhis ◽  
S. Camugli ◽  
P. Salvetti ◽  
L. Schibler ◽  
E. Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Cleavage Rate ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
And Control

SensiTemp, a new in vitro maturation (IMV) bull straw concept, presents the advantage of colour changing while the straw is thawed. The colour of frozen straws is blue and straws start to become white when the temperature reaches 33°C, with a complete change of colour at 37°C. The objective of this study is to assess sperm quality after thawing of semen frozen in SensiTemp from 2 bulls, by analysing, in experiment 1, sperm motility and membrane integrity using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) and flow cytometry (FC), and, in experiment 2, the in vitro embryo production (IVP) using IVP technologies [IVM, IVF, and in vitro culture (IVC)]. The ejaculates of 2 bulls, selected during preliminary experiments on high in vitro fertility, were harvested at CIA L’Aigle, France, and split ejaculates were frozen in experimental (SensiTemp) and conventional (control) straws. In experiment 1 after thawing semen from the 2 types of straws (5 pooled straws each; 2 replicates), motility was assessed using the IVOS CASA system (Hamilton Thorne Inc., Beverly, MA, USA) and membrane integrity was evaluated through FC with Cytosoft software (Millipore-Guava Technologies Inc., Hayward, CA, USA). In experiment 2, IVF was used to evaluate the non-toxicity of SensiTemp and control straws. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC; n = 1178; 4 replicates) collected from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured in IVM medium (TCM-199 with bicarbonate, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Quentin Fallavier, France; 10 µg mL–1 FSH-LH, Reprobiol, Liège, Belgium; and 10% FCS, Thermo Fisher, Illkirch, France) for 22 h. After fertilization, presumptive zygotes of each group (SensiTemp and control for each bull) were cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid medium (SOF, Minitube, Tiefenbach, Germany) with 1% estrous cow serum (ECS) and 0.6% BSA (Sigma-Aldrich, France) up to 8 days. All cultures were conducted at 38.5C in 5% CO2, and 5% O2. The cleavage and blastocysts rates were evaluated on Days 3 and 7, respectively, for each group. Embryo quality was recorded on Day 7 according to the IETS evaluation. Data from each bull were analysed separately using the chi-squared test (P < 0.05). In experiment 1, neither sperm motility from bull 1 (61.2 and 60.5%) and bull 2 (66.2 and 66.5%) nor membrane integrity from bull 1 (58.6 and 52.2%) and bull 2 (61.0 and 61.9%) were different between SensiTemp and control, respectively. Results from experiment 2 showed no difference (P > 0.05) in cleavage rate between SensiTemp and control for the 2 bulls: 92.1 and 91.7% for bull 1 and 94.2 and 94.6% for bull 2 respectively. The blastocysts rate on Day 7 did not differ (P > 0.05) among groups (47.5, 47.1 and 51.3, 50.4% for SensiTemp and control bull 1 and bull 2, respectively) nor the quality of embryos retrieved in the different groups: 25.4, 23.3, and 30.8, 29.6% in grade 1 embryo for SensiTemp and control bull 1 and bull 2, respectively. Those results demonstrate, in vitro, that the new SensiTemp straws were non-toxic and did not affect the semen quality after thawing nor did the SensiTemp straws affect the ability of sperm cells to fertilize oocytes and produce 8-day-old embryos.

Spermatic multinucleation in infertile agriculture workers exposed to carbofuranyl pesticide

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 776-777
Author(s):  
G. Gallegos de L. ◽  
M.M. Arizpe S. ◽  
L.E. Alvarado C. ◽  
E. Ramirez B.
Keyword(s):  
Male Infertility ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
And Function ◽  
Infertile Patients

It is known that the exposure to gonadotoxic agents cause male infertility in agricutural workers. Pesticides provoke a detrimental effect on the spermatogenesis characterized by low count of sprematozoa, as well as sperm motility and morphology alterations. Simultaneosly an increase in FSH seric levels is present.The semen analysis was proposed in 1975 to detect sperm quality and function alteration induced by chemical agents. There are many morphologic anomalies related to the noxious action of some gonadotoxic agents, ie. head deformities, microcephalia, tail defects, etc.We detected in our laboratory a pair of cases of infertile patients, that presented high levels of teratozoospermia with a high percentage of multinucleated spermatozoa and spermatids, and referred exposure to Carbofuranyl (Furadan 300). Since this agent has not been classified as gonadotoxic, we tried to show it's posible causal relationship with spermatic multinucleation phenomenon observed and the fertility of these patients.

scholarly journals Impact of Seminal Plasma Trace Elements on Human Sperm Motility Parameters

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mostakhdem Hashemi ◽  
Nasser Behnampour ◽  
Mojgan Nejabat ◽  
Afsaneh Tabandeh ◽  
Behrouz Ghazi-Moghaddam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Human Sperm ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Human Seminal Plasma

Abstract Introduction. Human seminal plasma contains a variety of macro and trace elements including magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) that have essential roles in normal functioning of semen and its quality. The imbalance of these elements has been reported in several pathologic and male infertility disorders. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the levels of these elements in seminal plasma samples, their relationships with each other and their impact on sperm motility. Methods. Overall, 192 males (96 normospermic and 96 asthenospermic males) were enrolled in the study. Semen samples were collected by masturbation and computer-assisted/aided semen analysis of sperm motility was performed. The samples were centrifuged and seminal levels of Mg, Cu, Zn and Fe were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results. The levels of Zn did not differ between the two groups, while the levels of Mg, Cu, and Fe were significantly higher in normospermic males. Fe showed a positive correlation with Mg and Cu in asthenospermic group. However, a negative relationship was found between Mg and Fe levels and between Mg and sperm concentration in the normospermic group. Fe levels were higher in the normospermic group compared to the asthenospermic group. Nevertheless, increased Fe levels caused a decrease in most of sperm motility fractions. Conclusion: Elements play major roles in male fertility and directly affect sperm quality. According to the results of this study, the levels of Zn do not affect the sperm quality and motility, while Fe, Cu and Mg are decreased in males with sperm motility problems. Nevertheless, Fe levels can adversely affect sperm motility in normospermic men.

Association between kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and macroscopic indicators of semen analysis: their relation to sperm motility

2009 ◽  
Vol 390 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nashmil Emami ◽  
Andreas Scorilas ◽  
Antoninus Soosaipillai ◽  
Tammy Earle ◽  
Brendan Mullen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Viscosity Data ◽  
Clinical Value

Abstract Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a family of proteases, the majority of which are found in seminal plasma and have been implicated in semen liquefaction. Here, we examined the clinical value of seminal KLKs in the evaluation of semen quality and differential diagnosis and etiology of abnormal liquefaction and/or viscosity. KLK1–3, 5–8, 10, 11, 13, and 14 were analyzed, using highly specific ELISA assays. Samples were categorized into four clinical groups, according to their state of liquefaction and viscosity. Data were compared between the clinical groups and in association with other parameters of sperm quality, including number of motile sperms, straight line speed, sperm concentration, volume, pH, and patient age. Seminal KLKs were found to be differentially expressed in the four clinical groups. Combination of KLK2, 3, 13, and 14 and KLK1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, and 14 showed very strong discriminatory potential for semen liquefaction and viscosity, respectively. Liquefaction state was associated with several parameters of sperm motility. Finally, KLK14 was differentially expressed in asthenospermic cases. In conclusion, the expression level of several seminal plasma KLKs correlates with liquefaction and viscosity indicators of semen quality and may aid in their differential diagnosis and etiology.

scholarly journals Influence of age on sperm characteristics evaluated by light and electron microscopies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Collodel ◽  
Fabio Ferretti ◽  
Maurizio Masini ◽  
Giacomo Gualtieri ◽  
Elena Moretti
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Wine Consumption ◽  
Electron Microscopies ◽  
Urogenital Infection ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe impact of male aging on male fertility has only recently become of interest to the scientific community. This study aims to assess the relationship between age and fertility among a sample of men, considering the individual and pathological characteristics. In this retrospective study data of semen analysis and medical history of 1294 Italian male patients were considered. Semen analysis was performed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy mathematically elaborated. A generalized linear model was used to explore the influence of male age on semen quality, considering as confounders wine consumption, smoking habits, presence of varicocele, consanguinity and positive semen bacteriological analysis and urethral swab. The mean age of the participants was 36.41 ± 6.379. Male aging without impact of confounders was correlated with a decrease in sperm concentration and motility and an increased in sperm necrosis. Sperm concentration and progressive motility were negatively related to the presence of confounders as wine consumption (sperm motility), urogenital infection (sperm concentration and motility), varicocele (sperm concentration) and consanguinity (sperm motility). Urogenital infection, varicocele and consanguinity positively correlated with sperm necrosis. The most important finding was the observation of a negative effect of male aging on sperm parameters such as concentration, motility, and viability. It is possible to hypothesize age-dependent changes of testicular environment, probably related to reactive oxygen species production. The demonstration, in a large sample of patients, that aging influences sperm quality strongly motivates further research focused on the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon and its effects on offspring fitness.

104 Teratospermia in tigers: Evidence for declining sperm quality over time

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
J. R. Herrick ◽  
C. Ploog ◽  
R. Santymire ◽  
J. Aaltonen ◽  
K. Traylor-Holzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Panthera Tigris ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Acinonyx Jubatus ◽  
Normal Morphology ◽  
Panthera Tigris Altaica ◽  
Nutritional Influences

Ejaculate traits in male tigers (Panthera tigris) were studied in the 1980s, but little work has been done on male tigers since then and the reproductive status of the current zoo population is not known. In order to characterise ejaculate traits in male tigers, semen was collected by electroejaculation (90 to 100 stimulations, 3 to 7V), subjected to a standard semen analysis (volume and pH and sperm concentration, motility, and morphology), and cryopreserved. To date, semen has been collected from 24 males (n=16 Amur tigers, Panthera tigris altaica, 10.3±1.1 y; n=7 Sumatran tigers, Panthera tigris sumatrae, 9.4±1.3 y; n=1 Malayan tiger, Panthera tigris jacksoni, 6 y), maintained at 18 USA institutions. Ejaculates (4.7±0.6 mL; pH=8.4±0.1) contained 240.3±54.9×106 spermatozoa, which yielded 357 straws of cryopreserved spermatozoa that were used to establish a Tiger Genome Resource Bank. The majority of the spermatozoa were motile (69.2±4.6%), but the proportion of spermatozoa exhibiting normal morphology was very low (18.7±3.3%) and similar between both Amur (20.0±4.8%) and Sumatran (16.3±5.2%) males, with the majority of abnormalities affecting the midpiece (retained cytoplasmic droplets, bent midpieces, or both). Previous studies of male tigers that utilised comparable anaesthesia regimens and collection techniques recovered similar quantities of semen (5 to 10mL), but the proportions of normal spermatozoa in those studies (&gt;65%) were very high (Wildt et al. 1988 Biol. Reprod. 38, 245; Byers et al. 1990 J. Reprod. Fert. 90, 119). Proportions of normal spermatozoa in the current study more closely resemble those reported for the teratospermic (&lt;40% normal spermatozoa) clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa, 18.5% normal spermatozoa, Pukazhenthi et al. 2006 Theriogenology 66, 1790) and cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus, 18.4% normal spermatozoa, Crosier et al. 2007 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 19, 370), as well as the South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis, 27% normal spermatozoa). The number of spermatozoa per ejaculate was also decreased in Amur tigers (190.1±67.7×106) compared to Sumatran tigers in the current study (362.9±99.5×106) and earlier studies of other Amur tigers (&gt;500×106). The reasons for this apparent decline in sperm quality are unclear, but reduced proportions of normal spermatozoa have been associated with reduced heterozygosity in small, isolated populations of felids (Florida panthers, South China tigers) or species that have been through a genetic bottleneck (cheetahs). Semen collections and evaluations will continue in order to determine if trends for compromised sperm quality are representative of the current SSP population(s) or an artifact of our reduced sample size. Additional studies investigating possible environmental, genetic, or nutritional influences on sperm morphology are also warranted. This work is supported by grants from Association of Zoo and Aquarium’s Conservation Grants Fund and Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium’s Dr. Holly Reed Conservation Fund.

Semen Analysis Profile on Varicocele Patients at Dr. Ramelan Navy Hospital Surabaya during Period 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
TIFFANY WONGSODIHARJO
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Sperm Cells ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Normal Limits

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Background</strong>: Infertility has affected about 10–15 percent married couples. Almost half of infertility cases have been attributed to men with low sperm motility (asthenozoospermia), low sperm count (oligozoospermia) and abnormal sperm morphology (teratozoospermia). Sperm motility is one of the major determinants of male fertility and is required for successful fertilization. Semen analysis is a method to know the quality of semen. Semen analysis consists of macroscopic and microscopic examination of sperm cells, which are concentration, motility and morphology of sperm cells. </p><p><strong>Objective</strong>:<strong> </strong>This study aimed to obtain the semen analysis profile on varicocele patients at DR. Ramelan Navy Hospital Surabaya during period 2015.</p><strong>Method</strong>: This study used descriptive research design and quantitative method, by using the secondary data were collected from medical records during January – December 2015. <strong>Result</strong>: In this study the semen analysis of 36 patients with varicocele, 3 patients (8,33%) with oligozoospermia, 10 patients (27,78%) with asthenozoospermia, 20 patients (55,55%) with oligoasthenozoospermia, 3 patients (8,33%) with extreme oligoasthenozoospermia. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: This study has concluded that all varicocele patients have abnormalities in semen analysis (none of the sperm quality results within normal limits).

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