scholarly journals Morphological Diversity of Gracilaria blodgettii Harvey 1853 (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo

Scientifica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ruhana Hassan ◽  
Muhammad Nur Arif Othman ◽  
Mohd Nasarudin Harith ◽  
Amir Shah Ruddin Md Sah
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Gene Analysis ◽  
Gene Marker ◽  
Gene Sequence Analysis ◽  
Diversity Assessment ◽  
High Bootstrap ◽  
Malaysian Borneo

Gracilaria red algae are notable for their economic importance as agrophytes, sold as salad vegetable, and used as the base for selected food and nonalcoholic beverages. A wild population of Gracilaria exists in coastal areas of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, but there is only limited knowledge on species diversity and its abundance leaving the untapped economic potential of this resource. This study was carried out to determine diversity of wild Gracilaria populations in Lawas, Santubong, and Asajaya, Sarawak, using the combination of morphological character examination and 5′ region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1-5P) gene analysis. Identification of the species using morphological characters revealed three species, namely, Gracilaria changii, G. blodgettii, and G. arcuata, had been collected from the sampling sites. However, based on 672 bp CO1-5P gene sequence analysis, all the three species were identified as G. blodgettii; besides, low genetic divergence values (0.17%–0.34%) were scored between samples in this study with the same species in GenBank. In the phylogenetic trees, all samples in this study group together with other G. blodgettii have high bootstrap values; thus, this species is monophyletic. This study implies that species identification of Gracilaria and other seagrass taxa which have a phenotypic plasticity problem should include the CO1-5P gene analysis as it is a reliable gene marker for species diversity assessment.

scholarly journals Comparative Morphology, Phylogeny, Classification and Evolution of Interstitial Habits in Microcambevine Catfishes (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

Taxonomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-344
Author(s):  
Wilson J. E. M. Costa ◽  
Axel M. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
High Level ◽  
Available Information

The Microcambevinae are a catfish subfamily endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, comprising rare species with interstitial habits. Microcambevines have been classified in two genera, Listrura and Microcambeva, but the relationships among included intrageneric lineages are still poorly understood. The objectives of this study are to conduct a phylogenetic analysis integrating morphological characters and a multigene dataset, and to propose a classification better reflecting morphological diversity and phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic analyses combining 57 morphological characters and a 2563 bp molecular dataset generated similar phylogenetic trees with high support values for most clades, including the two genera and some intrageneric groups. Six morphologically distinctive infrageneric lineages, three in Listrura and three in Microcambeva, are classified as subgenera, as well as two new species are described. The morphological diversity here recorded integrated to available information about habitat indicate high level of divergent specialisation among lineages. The analyses indicate a series of convergent morphological traits between Listrura and other teleosts sharing a fossorial lifestyle, as well as specialised traits independently occurring within Listrura lineages. Similarly, a great diversity of morphological traits occurs convergently in Microcambeva lineages and other teleosts sharing psammophilic habits. This study shows that combining molecular and morphological data yields well-supported phylogenies, making possible to unambiguously diagnose clades and to establish evolutionary hypothesis on morphological evolution.

scholarly journals New Hosts ofSimplicimonas similisandTrichomitus batrachorumIdentified by 18S Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequences

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Genelyn B. Dimasuay ◽  
Orlie John Y. Lavilla ◽  
Windell L. Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
18S Rrna ◽  
18S Rrna Gene ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Gene Sequence Analysis ◽  
High Bootstrap ◽  
Recent Classification

Trichomonads are obligate anaerobes generally found in the digestive and genitourinary tract of domestic animals. In this study, four trichomonad isolates were obtained from carabao, dog, and pig hosts using rectal swab. Genomic DNA was extracted using Chelex method and the 18S rRNA gene was successfully amplified through novel sets of primers and undergone DNA sequencing. Aligned isolate sequences together with retrieved 18S rRNA gene sequences of known trichomonads were utilized to generate phylogenetic trees using maximum likelihood and neighbor-joining analyses. Two isolates from carabao were identified asSimplicimonas similiswhile each isolate from dog and pig was identified asPentatrichomonas hominisandTrichomitus batrachorum, respectively. This is the first report ofS. similisin carabao and the identification ofT. batrachorumin pig using 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The generated phylogenetic tree yielded three distinct groups mostly with relatively moderate to high bootstrap support and in agreement with the most recent classification. Pathogenic potential of the trichomonads in these hosts still needs further investigation.

New species and findings of Pagastia Oliver (Diptera: Chironomidae: Diamesinae) from Central Asia, with DNA barcoding of known species of the genus

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4951 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-570
Author(s):  
EUGENYI A.  MAKARCHENKO ◽  
ALEXANDER A. SEMENCHENKO ◽  
DMITRY M. PALATOV
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit ◽  
Oxidase Subunit ◽  
Coi Sequences

Chironomids of the genus Pagastia Oliver (Diamesinae, Diamesini) from the mountains of Central Asia are revised using both morphological characters and molecular data. Illustrated descriptions of the adult male Pagastia (P.) caelestomontana sp. nov. from Kirgizstan and Tajikistan, P. (P.) hanseni sp. nov. from Tajikistan, and record of a finding apparently a new species P. (P.) aff. lanceolata (Tokunaga) from Tajikistan as well as an updated a key to the determination of the adult males of all known species of Pagastia are provided. A phylogenetic framework is reconstructed based on two mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of 34 samples belonging to 7 species of the genus Pagastia and cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) available for most samples. Phylogenetic trees of some known species of the genus Pagastia were reconstructed using the combined dataset and Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods. The interspecific K2P distances between seven Pagastia species including P. (P.) caelestomontana sp. nov., P. (P.) hanseni sp. nov. and undescribed P. (P.) aff. lanceolata (Tokunaga) are 6.3–13.2 which corresponding to species level. 

NUMERICAL ANALYSES OF LEAF AND FRUIT EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY IN Moringa oleifera LAM

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Andrawus Zhigila ◽  
Sulaiman Mohammed ◽  
Felix Ayodele Oladele ◽  
Fatima B. J. Sawa
Keyword(s):  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Numerical Analyses ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Diversity Assessment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Improvement Programme

The wide range of uses of Moringa oleifera in recent time has witnessed increasing demand of its foliar and seed products in nutritional, medical and ecological applications. The upsurge of demand for these products needs to be balanced with new varieties of improved performance to meet the supply chain. To achieve this, morphological diversity assessment is prerequisite for future crop improvement programme. Therefore, numerical analyses of the external morphology of leaf and fruit of thirty accessions of Moringa oleifera were assessed. The study was carried out on both qualitative and quantitative characters to assess the diversity at morphological level to establish the phenetic relationships and the delimitation of accessions. Relationship studies showed considerable correlation between the leaf and fruits characters that produced clear and reproducible threats and were selected for diversity study. Numerical analysis of the qualitative and quantitative characters clustered the accessions into five groups – operational taxonomic units (OTUs) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 were clustered in group one; OTUs 6 and 8 were clustered in group two and three respectively; OTUs 15 and 16 in group four and OUT 23 in group five cluster membership. Principal Component Analysis was carried out to augment the Cluster Analysis which showed large morphological diversity existing in accessions of Moringa oleifera hence, infraspecific classification is hereby proposed.  These analysis particularly traits related to leaf and fruits yield can also be utilised for crop improvement programme.

scholarly journals Symmetry breaking of the cellular lobes closely relates to phylogenetic structure within green microalgae of theMicrasteriaslineage (Zygnematophyceae)

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri Neustupa ◽  
Jan Stastny
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Integration ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Green Microalgae ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Morphological Asymmetry ◽  
Hierarchical Levels ◽  
Average Shape

Green microalgae of theMicrasteriaslineage are unicellular microorganisms with modular morphology consisting of successively differentiated lobes. Due to their morphological diversity and peculiar morphogenesis, these species are important model systems for studies of cytomorphogenesis and cellular plasticity. Interestingly, the phylogenetic structure of theMicrasteriaslineage and most other Desmidiales is poorly related to the traditional morphological characters used for delimitation of taxa. In this study, we focused on symmetry breaking between adjacent cellular lobes in relation to phylogeny of the studied species. While pronounced morphological asymmetry between the adjacent lobes is typical for some species, others have been characterized by the almost identical morphologies of these structures. We asked whether there is any detectable average shape asymmetry between the pairs of lobes and terminal lobules in 19Micrasteriasspecies representing all major clades of this desmidiacean lineage. Then, we evaluated whether the asymmetric patterns among species are phylogenetically structured. The analyses showed that the phylogeny was in fact strongly related to the patterns of morphological asymmetry between the adjacent cellular lobes. Thus, evolution of the asymmetric development between the adjacent lobes proved to be the key event differentiating cellular shape patterns ofMicrasterias. Conversely, the phylogeny was only weakly related to asymmetry between the pairs of terminal lobules. The subsequent analyses of the phylogenetic morphological integration showed that individual hierarchical levels of cellular morphology were only weakly coordinated with regard to asymmetric variation among species. This finding indicates that evolutionary differentiation of morphogenetic processes leading to symmetry breaking may be relatively independent at different branching levels. Such modularity is probably the key to the evolvability of cellular shapes, leading to the extraordinary morphological diversity of these intriguing microalgae.

scholarly journals Keragaman Mutan Wijen (Sesamum indicum L.) Berdasarkan Karakter Kualitatif; Diversity of Sesame Mutants (Sesamum indicum L.) Based on Qualitative Characters

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Vina Eka Aristya
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Mutation Induction ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Qualitative Characters ◽  
Mutant Lines

<p class="Abstract" align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="Abstract"><em>Sesamum indicum</em> L. adalah salah satu tanaman alternatif penghasil minyak nabati penting. Pendekatan pemuliaan melalui induksi mutasi berusaha untuk menghasilkan variabilitas baru populasi wijen, yang secara umum tersusun dari individu homozigot. Karakter morfologi berguna untuk mengidentifikasi galur dan memastikan hasil pemuliaan mutasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi keragaman morfologi wijen hasil mutasi berdasarkan 26 karakter kualitatif. Penggalian informasi dengan metode analisis kelompok juga dikaji untuk menggambarkan variabilitas genetik pada 57 galur mutan wijen (jenis hitam dan putih) generasi M4 dan M5. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua tahap: tahap pertama terdiri 18 galur generasi M4, dievaluasi pada Maret-Agustus 2015; tahap kedua terdiri atas 39 galur M5, ditanam pada November 2015 hingga April 2016. Pemeriksaan penampilan kualitatif mengikuti panduan <em>descriptor list</em> untuk wijen. Secara umum, penilaian representatif dari sifat kualitatif pada galur mutan wijen generasi M4 akan diikuti oleh keturunan generasi M5. Dendrogram dibangun untuk membedakan galur menjadi kelompok berdasarkan matriks tingkat kemiripan. Struktur populasi utama dari 57 galur berdasarkan sifat kualitatif dikategorikan dalam dua kelompok besar. Materi genotipe kelompok I diklasifikasikan menjadi dua sub-kelompok, terdiri 17 dan 31 galur. Sub-kelompok ini menjadi bagian distribusi genotipe terbesar. Kelompok II tersusun oleh 9 galur, mayoritas dari M4. Nilai korelasi antar karakter bervariasi antara 0,7176 hingga 1,0. Keragaman morfologi antar galur wijen dipengaruhi oleh sifat genetik dibandingkan faktor lingkungan. Studi ini membantu seleksi galur terpilih berdasarkan kestabilan fenotipe. Evaluasi keragaman struktur populasi wijen mutan bermanfaat untuk program pemuliaan.</p><p class="Abstract" align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="Abstract"><em>Sesamum indicum</em> L. is one of the alternative crops that produces vegetative oil. The plant breeding approach through mutation induction could produce new genetic variability in sesame populations, which are generally composed of homozygous individuals. The study aims were to determine the diversity of sesame-mutant lines based on 26 qualitative characters. Cluster analysis method was carried out to describe the genetic variability of 57 sesame mutant lines (consist of black and white types) 4<sup>th</sup> (M4) and 5<sup>th</sup> generations (M5). The study was done in two phases, the first phases consisted of 18 M4 lines planted in March-August 2015; the second phase consisted 39 M5 lines planted in November 2015 to April 2016. Analyses of qualitative morphological characters followed the descriptors list for sesame. In general, a representative assessment of qualitative traits in M4 lines will be followed by the offspring of M5. Dendrogram showed that the 57 mutant lines categorized into two major clusters. Cluster I were composed of two sub-clusters, consisting 17 and 31 lines. This sub-cluster was the largest part of the genotype distribution. Cluster II composed of 9 lines, where M4 were the majority. The correlation value between characters ranged from 0.7176 up to 1.0. Morphological diversity among lines were largely influenced by genetic rather than environmental factors. This study supports the selection of lines based on phenotype stability. Evaluation of the structural diversity of mutant-sesame populations could be applied in sesame-breeding programs.</p>

Morphological evidence for paraphyly of Holopothrips Hood (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing thrips

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Mariana F. Lindner ◽  
Augusto Ferrari ◽  
Adriano Cavalleri
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Internal Relations ◽  
Evolutionary Story

Abstract Holopothrips is a diverse group of thrips associated to galls in the Neotropics, with a variety of host plants and wide morphological diversity. Relationships to other Neotropical groups have been proposed, but are still untested, and the monophyly of the genus remains doubtful. Here, we perform a phylogenetic analysis of Holopothrips, based on morphological characters. A total of 87 species were included in the matrix and eight analyses were carried out, but all of them failed to recover Holopothrips as a monophyletic grouping. Bremer and Bootstrap support values were low, and the topologies varied among all analyses, with uncertain internal relations for the ingroup. These results indicate that the relationships for Holopothrips species, and the proposed related genera, are more complex than previously reported; and morphological characters may not be enough to recover the evolutionary story within this group. We also discuss the influences of different character coding, continuous characters and weighting schemes in our results.

Biodiversity Along Core–Periphery Clines

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Volis ◽  
Salit Kark
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
Local Populations

The study of biodiversity has received wide attention in recent decades. Biodiversity has been defined in various ways (Gaston and Spicer, 1998, Purvis and Hector 2000, and chapters in this volume). Discussion regarding its definitions is dynamic, with shifts between the more traditional emphasis on community structure to emphasis on the higher ecosystem level or the lower population levels (e.g., chapters in this volume, Poiani et al. 2000). One of the definitions, proposed in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity held in Rio de Janeiro (1992) is “the diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.” The within-species component of diversity is further defined as “the frequency and diversity of different genes and/or genomes . . .” (IUCN 1993) as estimated by the genetic and morphological diversity within species. While research and conservation efforts in the past century have focused mainly on the community level, they have recently been extended to include the within-species (Hanski 1989) and the ecosystem levels. The component comprising within-species genetic and morphological diversity is increasingly emphasized as an important element of biodiversity (UN Convention 1992). Recent studies suggest that patterns of genetic diversity significantly influence the viability and persistence of local populations (Frankham 1996, Lacy 1997, Riddle 1996, Vrijenhoek et al. 1985). Revealing geographical patterns of genetic diversity is highly relevant to conservation biology and especially to explicit decision-making procedures allowing systematic rather than opportunistic selection of populations and areas for in situ protection (Pressey et al. 1993). Therefore, studying spatial patterns in within-species diversity may be vital in defining and prioritizing conservation efforts (Brooks et al. 1992). Local populations of a species often differ in the ecological conditions experienced by their members (Brown 1984, Gaston 1990, Lawton et al. 1994). These factors potentially affect population characteristics, structure, and within-population genetic and morphological diversity (Brussard 1984, Lawton 1995, Parsons 1991). The spatial location of a population within a species range may be related to its patterns of diversity (Lesica and Allendorf 1995). Thus, detecting within-species diversity patterns across distributional ranges is important for our understanding of ecological and evolutionary (e.g., speciation) processes (Smith et al. 1997), and for the determination of conservation priorities (Kark 1999).

Phylogenetics of the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae: Dioscoreales) with a focus on the Old World taxa: delineation of novel natural groups and insights into the evolution of morphological traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A Shepeleva ◽  
Mikhail I Schelkunov ◽  
Michal Hroneš ◽  
Michal Sochor ◽  
Martin Dančák ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Old World ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Floral Characters

Abstract Thismia is a genus of &gt; 80 mycoheterotrophic species characterized by a peculiar appearance and complex floral morphology. A significant proportion of the species and morphological diversity of Thismia has only been uncovered in the past two decades, and new discoveries continue to be made. Given that many new data have recently become available, and the most comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus from 1938 addresses less than half of the currently known species, previous hypotheses for species relationships and infrageneric taxonomic classification in Thismia was in need of review. Extensive molecular phylogenetic studies of Thismia at the genus level have never been presented. We investigate the phylogenetic relationships of 41 species (and one variety) of Thismia from the Old World. Our study comprises 68 specimens (for 28 of which the data were newly generated), including outgroup taxa broadly representing Thismiaceae (= Burmanniaceae p.p. sensuAPG IV, 2016), and is based on two nuclear and one mitochondrial marker. We use maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference to infer relationships among the taxa. We also constructed a morphological dataset of 12 mostly floral characters, comparing these characters to hypotheses based on molecular evidence to identify putative synapomorphies for major clades and to discuss hypotheses regarding the evolution of structural traits in the genus. Our analyses indicate that the majority of currently accepted infrageneric taxa of Thismia are polyphyletic. We find support for the monophyly of the Old World group, in which we recognize five well-supported lineages (clades); the only New World species studied appears to be related to the Neotropical genus Tiputinia. Ancestral state reconstructions demonstrate that the evolution of most morphological characters was homoplastic, but we identify characters that provide each of the five clades of Old World Thismia with a unique morphological description. The geographical distribution of the species under study is also shown to be consistent with the major clades. Our investigation provides a phylogenetic basis for the development of a novel sectional classification of Thismia reflecting morphological and geographical traits.

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