OBJECTIVEThe use of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) as monotherapy in the treatment of uveal melanoma (UM) allows clinicians to achieve high local tumor control with low recurrence but does not prevent secondary enucleation due to glaucoma in cases of large tumors. The authors analyzed indications for tumor endoresection (ER), the time interval between irradiation and surgery, and the features and results of performing ER for UM after GKRS.METHODSThirty-seven patients between 28 and 78 years of age (16 male and 11 female patients) with UM underwent GKRS with a dose of 70 to 80 Gy that was applied to the center of the tumor with complete immobilization of the eye during the procedure. Tumor resection with histological investigation was performed in 24 eyes (transscleral resection was performed in 3 eyes, and ER was performed in 21 eyes) at 3 to 97 days after GKRS, mainly during the first 2 or 3 weeks. As a rule, ER (21 eyes) was performed to treat large, centrally localized, or equatorial UMs with exudative macula-on retinal detachment that reduced vision. The average tumor height was 8.9 mm, and the average width was 13.7 mm at the base. ER for UM included phacoemulsification, microinvasive vitrectomy with transretinal tumor resection, laser photocoagulation, and application of a temporary silicone oil tamponade. Seven patients received intraocular injections of inhibitors of angiogenesis for the prevention and treatment of radiation neuroretinopathy. The follow-up period ranged from 8 to 41 months.RESULTSPreservation of the eyes without tumor recurrence was achieved in all 37 patients after GKRS (monotherapy and combined therapy). One patient died of liver metastases at 21 months after GKRS. In the ER group (21 eyes), drug-resistant glaucoma with low visual acuity appeared in 4 eyes (19%) with long-existing total exudative retinal detachment and delayed operations. Severe radiation neuroretinopathy with macular edema occurred in 4 of 21 cases (19%). Intraocular injections of inhibitors of angiogenesis significantly decreased retinal edema. Residual rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was revealed in 1 eye (4.8%). The conservation of the patient's primary vision or its improvement were observed in 11 eyes (52.4%). Useful vision more than 0.1 was achieved in 12 cases (57%), and more than 0.3 was achieved in 8 cases (38%).CONCLUSIONSAs a result of this research, ER for UM after GKRS proved to be an effective method of combined eye-conserving treatment for large centrally localized or equatorial tumors at high risk of the emergence and development of toxic tumor syndrome. Perfect eye immobilization, timely ER, and multiple intraocular injections of inhibitors of angiogenesis saved not only the eye in all cases, but also useful vision in many cases. Close cooperation among radiosurgeons, ophthalmologists, and vitreoretinal surgeons is the key to effective treatment.
Gamma knife radiosurgery for uveal melanoma ineligible for brachytherapy by the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study criteria