Measurement differences between three versus five photocells during collection of ground reaction forces in dogs

SummaryThe differences between velocities and accelerations obtained from three and five photocells were examined when obtaining ground reaction force (GRF) data in dogs. Ground reaction force data was collected 259 times from 16 different dogs in two experimental phases. The first phase compared velocities and accelerations reported by the two systems based on trials accepted by the three photocell system. The second phase accepted trials based on data from five photocells. Three photocell data were calculated mathematically in the second phase in order to compare the values of both systems. The velocity and acceleration values obtained from each system were significantly different (at the hundredth of a meter per second). Differences in measured values did not result in acceptance of data by the three photocell system that would not have been acceptable with the five photocell system (false positives), but did result in rejection of acceptable data by the three photocell system (11% false negative rate). Given the small differences between the two systems, GRF data collected should not be significantly different, though the three photocell system is less efficient in gathering data due to the number of trials rejected as false negatives.

Download Full-text

Ground reaction force and hoof deceleration patterns on two different surfaces at the trot

Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.1017/s147806150667607x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 209-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Pia Gustås ◽

Christopher Johnston ◽

Stig Drevemo

Keyword(s):

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Force Plate ◽

Ground Surface ◽

Ground Reaction Forces ◽

Triaxial Accelerometer ◽

Loading Rates ◽

Sand Surface ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Force Data

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to compare the hoof deceleration and ground reaction forces following impact on two different surfaces. Seven unshod Standardbreds were trotted by hand at 3.0–5.7 m s− 1 over a force plate covered by either of the two surfaces, sandpaper or a 1 cm layer of sand. Impact deceleration data were recorded from one triaxial accelerometer mounted on the fore- and hind hooves, respectively. Ground reaction force data were obtained synchronously from a force plate, sampled at 4.8 kHz. The differences between the two surfaces were studied by analysing representative deceleration and force variables for individual horses. The maximum horizontal peak deceleration and the loading rates of the vertical and the horizontal forces were significantly higher on sandpaper compared with the sand surface (P < 0.001). In addition, the initial vertical deceleration was significantly higher on sandpaper in the forelimb (P < 0.001). In conclusion, it was shown that the different qualities of the ground surface result in differences in the hoof-braking pattern, which may be of great importance for the strength of the distal horse limb also at slow speeds.

Download Full-text

Effects of trial repetition, limb side, intraday and inter-week variation on vertical and craniocaudal ground reaction forces in clinically normal Labrador Retrievers

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.3415/vcot-11-01-0015 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (06) ◽

pp. 435-444 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

B. Nordquist ◽

J. Fischer ◽

S. Y. Kim ◽

S. M. Stover ◽

T. Garcia-Nolen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Ground Reaction Forces ◽

Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Pelvic Limb ◽

Vertical Ground ◽

Labrador Retrievers ◽

Force Data

SummaryObjectives: To document the contributions of trial repetition, limb side, and intraday and inter-week measurements on variation in vertical and craniocaudal ground reaction force data.Methods: Following habituation, force and time data were collected for all four limbs of seven Labrador Retrievers during sets of five valid trot trials. Each set was performed twice daily (morning and afternoon), every seven days for three consecutive weeks. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine the effects of limb, trial, intraday, and inter-week factors on ground reaction force data for the thoracic and pelvic limbs.Results: Of the four factors evaluated, variation due to trial repetition had the largest magnitude of effect on ground reaction forces. Trial within a set of data had an effect on all craniocaudal, but not vertical, ground reaction force variables studied, for the thoracic limbs. The first of five trials was often different from later trials. Some thoracic limb and pelvic limb variables were different between weeks. A limb side difference was only apparent for pelvic limb vertical ground reaction force data. Only pelvic limb craniocaudal braking variables were different between sets within a day.Discussion and clinical significance: When controlling for speed, handler, gait, weight and dog breed, variation in ground reaction forces mainly arise from trial repetition and inter-week data collection. When using vertical peak force and impulse to evaluate treatment, trial repetition and inter-week data collection should have minimal effect of the data.

Download Full-text

Clinically Meaningful Change

Methodology ◽

10.1027/1614-2241/a000168 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 97-105

Author(s):

Rodrigo Ferrer ◽

Antonio Pardo

Keyword(s):

Effect Size ◽

False Negative ◽

False Negative Rate ◽

Point Of View ◽

Skewed Distribution ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

False Negatives ◽

Large Size ◽

Before And After ◽

Post Test

Abstract. In a recent paper, Ferrer and Pardo (2014) tested several distribution-based methods designed to assess when test scores obtained before and after an intervention reflect a statistically reliable change. However, we still do not know how these methods perform from the point of view of false negatives. For this purpose, we have simulated change scenarios (different effect sizes in a pre-post-test design) with distributions of different shapes and with different sample sizes. For each simulated scenario, we generated 1,000 samples. In each sample, we recorded the false-negative rate of the five distribution-based methods with the best performance from the point of view of the false positives. Our results have revealed unacceptable rates of false negatives even with effects of very large size, starting from 31.8% in an optimistic scenario (effect size of 2.0 and a normal distribution) to 99.9% in the worst scenario (effect size of 0.2 and a highly skewed distribution). Therefore, our results suggest that the widely used distribution-based methods must be applied with caution in a clinical context, because they need huge effect sizes to detect a true change. However, we made some considerations regarding the effect size and the cut-off points commonly used which allow us to be more precise in our estimates.

Download Full-text

Running ground reaction forces across footwear conditions are predicted from the motion of two body mass components

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00925.2018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 126 (5) ◽

pp. 1315-1325 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Andrew B. Udofa ◽

Kenneth P. Clark ◽

Laurence J. Ryan ◽

Peter G. Weyand

Keyword(s):

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Ground Reaction Forces ◽

Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽

Time Patterns ◽

Foot Strike ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Vertical Ground ◽

Force Time

Although running shoes alter foot-ground reaction forces, particularly during impact, how they do so is incompletely understood. Here, we hypothesized that footwear effects on running ground reaction force-time patterns can be accurately predicted from the motion of two components of the body’s mass (mb): the contacting lower-limb (m1 = 0.08mb) and the remainder (m2 = 0.92mb). Simultaneous motion and vertical ground reaction force-time data were acquired at 1,000 Hz from eight uninstructed subjects running on a force-instrumented treadmill at 4.0 and 7.0 m/s under four footwear conditions: barefoot, minimal sole, thin sole, and thick sole. Vertical ground reaction force-time patterns were generated from the two-mass model using body mass and footfall-specific measures of contact time, aerial time, and lower-limb impact deceleration. Model force-time patterns generated using the empirical inputs acquired for each footfall matched the measured patterns closely across the four footwear conditions at both protocol speeds ( r2 = 0.96 ± 0.004; root mean squared error = 0.17 ± 0.01 body-weight units; n = 275 total footfalls). Foot landing angles (θF) were inversely related to footwear thickness; more positive or plantar-flexed landing angles coincided with longer-impact durations and force-time patterns lacking distinct rising-edge force peaks. Our results support three conclusions: 1) running ground reaction force-time patterns across footwear conditions can be accurately predicted using our two-mass, two-impulse model, 2) impact forces, regardless of foot strike mechanics, can be accurately quantified from lower-limb motion and a fixed anatomical mass (0.08mb), and 3) runners maintain similar loading rates (ΔFvertical/Δtime) across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angle to regulate the duration of impact. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we validate a two-mass, two-impulse model of running vertical ground reaction forces across four footwear thickness conditions (barefoot, minimal, thin, thick). Our model allows the impact portion of the impulse to be extracted from measured total ground reaction force-time patterns using motion data from the ankle. The gait adjustments observed across footwear conditions revealed that runners maintained similar loading rates across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angles to regulate the duration of impact.

Download Full-text

Application of Immunosignatures for Diagnosis of Valley Fever

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00228-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 21 (8) ◽

pp. 1169-1177 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Krupa Arun Navalkar ◽

Stephen Albert Johnston ◽

Neal Woodbury ◽

John N. Galgiani ◽

D. Mitchell Magee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infections ◽

Random Sequence ◽

False Negative ◽

False Negative Rate ◽

Peptide Array ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

False Negatives ◽

Peptide Microarray ◽

Valley Fever ◽

Antibody Levels

ABSTRACTValley fever (VF) is difficult to diagnose, partly because the symptoms of VF are confounded with those of other community-acquired pneumonias. Confirmatory diagnostics detect IgM and IgG antibodies against coccidioidal antigens via immunodiffusion (ID). The false-negative rate can be as high as 50% to 70%, with 5% of symptomatic patients never showing detectable antibody levels. In this study, we tested whether the immunosignature diagnostic can resolve VF false negatives. An immunosignature is the pattern of antibody binding to random-sequence peptides on a peptide microarray. A 10,000-peptide microarray was first used to determine whether valley fever patients can be distinguished from 3 other cohorts with similar infections. After determining the VF-specific peptides, a small 96-peptide diagnostic array was created and tested. The performances of the 10,000-peptide array and the 96-peptide diagnostic array were compared to that of the ID diagnostic standard. The 10,000-peptide microarray classified the VF samples from the other 3 infections with 98% accuracy. It also classified VF false-negative patients with 100% sensitivity in a blinded test set versus 28% sensitivity for ID. The immunosignature microarray has potential for simultaneously distinguishing valley fever patients from those with other fungal or bacterial infections. The same 10,000-peptide array can diagnose VF false-negative patients with 100% sensitivity. The smaller 96-peptide diagnostic array was less specific for diagnosing false negatives. We conclude that the performance of the immunosignature diagnostic exceeds that of the existing standard, and the immunosignature can distinguish related infections and might be used in lieu of existing diagnostics.

Download Full-text

Number of Trials for the Reliable Golf Swing Ground Reaction Force Data Collection and Its Characteristics

Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics ◽

10.5103/kjsb.2007.17.4.115 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 115-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Golf Swing ◽

Force Data

Download Full-text

Correlation between Ground Reaction Force and Tibial Acceleration in Vertical Jumping

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.23.3.180 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 180-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Niell G. Elvin ◽

Alex A. Elvin ◽

Steven P. Arnoczky

Keyword(s):

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Force Plate ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Ground Reaction Forces ◽

Accelerometer Data ◽

Jump Height ◽

Vertical Jumping ◽

Average Coefficient ◽

Reaction Forces

Modern electronics allow for the unobtrusive measurement of accelerations outside the laboratory using wireless sensor nodes. The ability to accurately measure joint accelerations under unrestricted conditions, and to correlate them with jump height and landing force, could provide important data to better understand joint mechanics subject to real-life conditions. This study investigates the correlation between peak vertical ground reaction forces, as measured by a force plate, and tibial axial accelerations during free vertical jumping. The jump heights calculated from force-plate data and accelerometer measurements are also compared. For six male subjects participating in this study, the average coefficient of determination between peak ground reaction force and peak tibial axial acceleration is found to be 0.81. The coefficient of determination between jump height calculated using force plate and accelerometer data is 0.88. Data show that the landing forces could be as high as 8 body weights of the jumper. The measured peak tibial accelerations ranged up to 42 g. Jump heights calculated from force plate and accelerometer sensors data differed by less than 2.5 cm. It is found that both impact accelerations and landing forces are only weakly correlated with jump height (the average coefficient of determination is 0.12). This study shows that unobtrusive accelerometers can be used to determine the ground reaction forces experienced in a jump landing. Whereas the device also permitted an accurate determination of jump height, there was no correlation between peak ground reaction force and jump height.

Download Full-text

Estimation of unmeasured ground reaction force data based on the oscillatory characteristics of the center of mass during human walking

Journal of Biomechanics ◽

10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.01.046 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 71 ◽

pp. 135-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hansol X. Ryu ◽

Sukyung Park

Keyword(s):

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Center Of Mass ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Human Walking ◽

Force Data

Download Full-text

A New Lower Extremity Modeling of Human Body With Variable Feet Links

10.1115/imece2000-2280 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

Nader Arafati ◽

Jean Yves Lazennec ◽

Roger Ohayon

Keyword(s):

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Sagittal Plane ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Human Movement ◽

Knee Joints ◽

Foot Pressure ◽

Ankle Joints ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Human Movement Modeling ◽

Force Vectors

Abstract Human movement modeling has been the object of much research for the past 30 years. In these models the position of foot link was fixed on the ground. We propose to model the feet links as variable, since the position of foot pressure center changes from heel to toes. The ground reaction forces could also be analyzed in real time. We examined this model for some static postures. In standing anatomical position, the maximum articular forces are localized in hip and knee joints. In sagittal plane, the ground reaction force vectors are positioned nearly under ankle joints. The pathological postures like body with pes cavus or with global spine kyphosis increase the articular and muscular forces. In these cases, the position of ground reaction force vectors is moved toward the toes.

Download Full-text