Abstract 3610: Comparative Effects of 3 Popular Diets on Lipids, Endothelial Function and Biomarkers of Atherothrombosis in the Absence of Weight Loss

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Miller ◽  
Valerie Beach ◽  
Charles Mangano ◽  
Jeffrey Rhyne ◽  
Christina Dobmeier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Monounsaturated Fat ◽  
The South ◽  
Atkins Diet ◽  
Total Fat

Background : While the effect of popular diets on weight loss has been extensively studied, less is known in the absence of weight loss. We hypothesized that a diet high in total and saturated fat would be associated with adverse effects on LDL-C, endothelial function and biomarkers of atherothrombosis compared to lower fat diets. Methods : We tested 3 popular diets, including Atkins (50% fat), South Beach (30% fat) and Ornish (10% fat) in a randomized and counterbalanced, crossover study. Subjects completed each of the three 4-week dietary intervention phases followed by a 4-week washout period. They were weighed weekly and caloric adjustments made if weight change exceeded 1 kg. At the completion of each dietary phase, 3-day food records were analyzed, fasting blood was sampled and brachial artery reactivity testing (BART) performed. Results : Eighteen of 26 adults (mean age: 30.6 ± 9.6 yrs, 50% female) completed all 3 dietary phases. There were no changes in weight at the conclusion of each phase. However, non-significant increases in LDL-C occurred during the Atkins phase (pre: 96.5, post: 112.9 mg/dL; P=0.12 ), whereas LDL-C was reduced during the Ornish (pre: 110.1, post: 84.6 mg/dL; P=0.006 ) and South Beach phases (pre: 101.7, post: 91.5 mg/dL; P=0.01 ). BART testing revealed a significant inverse correlation between flow-mediated vasodilation and intake of total fat (r 2 =−0.29; P=0.03 ), saturated fat (r 2 =−0.31; P=0.02 ) and monounsaturated fat (r 2 =−0.35; P=0.01 ). Microarray analysis demonstrated increased expression of several leukocyte biomarkers including, ICAM2 (37%; P=0.002 ), SELL (26%; P=0.007 ) and SOD1 (42%; P=0.04 ) at the completion of the Atkins diet compared to baseline. In contrast, expression of atherothrombotic biomarkers was not increased after the South Beach or Ornish phase. Conclusions: In the absence of weight loss, the high fat Atkins diet is associated with increased LDL-C, reduced endothelial vasoreactivity and increased expression of biomarkers of atherothrombosis. As such, these data suggest that isocaloric conversion to the Atkins diet may negatively impact cardiovascular health as compared to the South Beach or Ornish Diet.

scholarly journals Effects of weight loss with a very low carbohydrate, low saturated fat diet on endothelial function in patients with T2DM

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
T.P. Wycherley ◽  
N.D. Luscombe-Marsh ◽  
C.H. Thompson ◽  
J.D. Buckley ◽  
M. Noakes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

Prudent Life-style for Children: Dietary Fat and Cholesterol

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
American Heart ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Monounsaturated Fat ◽  
Total Fat

In the 1983 AAP Committee on Nutrition statement, "Toward a Prudent Diet for Children," the evidence linking dietary factors with the risk of atherosclerosis was reviewed.1 Based on the analysis of the available information, the Committee made seven recommendations concerning steps to be taken during childhood that would reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in adults. With respect to childhood eating habits, it was noted that, after 1 year of age, a varied diet that includes items from each of the major food groups is the best assurance of nutritional adequacy. The dietary trends in the United States during the last few decades, with emphasis on decreased consumption of saturated fats, cholesterol, and salt and increased intake of polyunsaturated fats, were recommended as sensible when followed with moderation.1 OTHER FINDINGS Since publication of that Committee statement, recommendations for alteration of childhood diets have also been made by the American Heart Association, 2 by the American Health Foundation, 3 and by a Consensus Development panel sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).4 All three of these groups have recommended more restrictive childhood diets than had been recommended by the Committee on Nutrition. The American Heart Association2 recommends a total fat intake that would be approximately 30% of total calories; this 30% would include 10% or less from saturated fat, 10% from monounsaturated fat, and less than 10% from polyunsaturated fat. The recommendation for daily cholesterol intake was 100 mg/1,000 calories and not to exceed 300 mg/d, total. Similar recommendations have been made by the American Health Foundation3 to achieve a target goal of serum total cholesterol values averaging 140 mg/dL for children and young adults.

scholarly journals Effects of dark chocolate and cocoa consumption on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in overweight adults

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila G. West ◽  
Molly D. McIntyre ◽  
Matthew J. Piotrowski ◽  
Nathalie Poupin ◽  
Debra L. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Augmentation Index ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dark Chocolate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Resistance Arteries ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Overweight Adults

The consumption of cocoa and dark chocolate is associated with a lower risk of CVD, and improvements in endothelial function may mediate this relationship. Less is known about the effects of cocoa/chocolate on the augmentation index (AI), a measure of vascular stiffness and vascular tone in the peripheral arterioles. We enrolled thirty middle-aged, overweight adults in a randomised, placebo-controlled, 4-week, cross-over study. During the active treatment (cocoa) period, the participants consumed 37 g/d of dark chocolate and a sugar-free cocoa beverage (total cocoa = 22 g/d, total flavanols (TF) = 814 mg/d). Colour-matched controls included a low-flavanol chocolate bar and a cocoa-free beverage with no added sugar (TF = 3 mg/d). Treatments were matched for total fat, saturated fat, carbohydrates and protein. The cocoa treatment significantly increased the basal diameter and peak diameter of the brachial artery by 6 % (+2 mm) and basal blood flow volume by 22 %. Substantial decreases in the AI, a measure of arterial stiffness, were observed in only women. Flow-mediated dilation and the reactive hyperaemia index remained unchanged. The consumption of cocoa had no effect on fasting blood measures, while the control treatment increased fasting insulin concentration and insulin resistance (P= 0·01). Fasting blood pressure (BP) remained unchanged, although the acute consumption of cocoa increased resting BP by 4 mmHg. In summary, the high-flavanol cocoa and dark chocolate treatment was associated with enhanced vasodilation in both conduit and resistance arteries and was accompanied by significant reductions in arterial stiffness in women.

scholarly journals Dietary treatment of the metabolic syndrome — the optimal diet

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (S1) ◽  
pp. S143-S148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Riccardi ◽  
A. A. Rivellese
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Monounsaturated Fat ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Total Fat

The treatment of the metabolic syndrome aims to improve insulin sensitivity and correct/prevent the associated metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities. Since many individuals with the metabolic syndrome are overweight, dietary treatment should be primarily focused on weight reduction. This approach can improve insulin sensitivity and exert beneficial effects on all the other abnormalities clustering in the syndrome. Insulin sensitivity can also be influenced by diet composition. In this respect, the specific effects of the quality of dietary fat are of great interest, given the considerable evidence in experimental animals that saturated fat in the diet may lead to insulin resistance. In man, there is indirect evidence that a higher saturated fat intake is associated with impaired insulin action. Human studies have also attempted to evaluate the relationship between total fat intake and insulin sensitivity. They are consistent in showing that fat intake is correlated with both plasma insulin values (positively) and insulin sensitivity (negatively). However, these correlations are largely mediated by body weight. Conversely, intervention studies are consistent in showing that when total fat intake is moderately increased (from 20 to 40 %), no major effect is observed on insulin sensitivity. We have recently undertaken a large, multicentre intervention study in 162 healthy individuals given either a high-saturated-fat or a high-monounsaturated-fat diet for 3 months. It shows that a high-monounsaturated-fat diet significantly improves insulin sensitivity compared to a high-saturated-fat diet. However, this beneficial effect of monounsaturated fat disappears when total fat intake exceeds 38 % of total energy. Independently of its effects on insulin sensitivity, diet composition can influence the factors clustering in the metabolic syndrome. Dietary carbohydrate increases blood glucose levels, particularly in the postprandial period, and consequently also insulin levels and plasma triglycerides. The detrimental effects of a high-carbohydrate diet on plasma glucose/insulin, triglyceride/HDL or fibrinolysis occur only when carbohydrate foods with a high glycaemic index are consumed, while they are abolished if the diet is based largely on fibre-rich, low-glycaemic-index foods. In conclusion, weight reduction is a powerful measure for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the diet for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome should be limited in the intake of saturated fat, while high fibre/low-glycaemic-index foods should be used without specific limitations. Moderate amounts of monounsaturated fat could be permitted as they do not induce detrimental metabolic effects.

scholarly journals Associations of Monounsaturated Fats to Visual Cognitive Performance Training in Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 920-920
Author(s):  
Aaron Riviere ◽  
Nicos Georghiades ◽  
Karen Beathard ◽  
Steven Riechman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Monounsaturated Fat ◽  
Dynamic Complexity ◽  
Unsaturated Fat ◽  
Monounsaturated Fats ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Visual Cognitive

Abstract Objectives High levels of visual cognitive performance (VCP) are required for complex daily activities including driving and participating in sports. Many cognitive tests use simple measures of social cognition or memory that lack the dynamic complexity needed for daily living. Healthy fats including mono- and polyunsaturated fats have been shown to improve cognition and brain health due to the need for fatty acids for neurotransmitter production and myelin sheath insulation. The effects of specific fats on specific cognitive functions is still poorly understood. The Nutrition, Vision, and Cognition in Health Study (IONHealth) investigates nutritional and behavioral factors that influence cognition in 3-dimensional multiple objects tracking test (3DMOT). It was hypothesized that monounsaturated fats would affect cognitive performance. Methods 104 men and women adults age 50–75 years recorded 15 food logs and completed 15 training sessions (Neurotracker) during 10 lab visits over 15 days. Food logs were used to represent typical eating patterns for each individual and means over 15 days were used for analyses. Results Monounsaturated fat intake was significantly associated to VCP, however, this affect was not distinct from overall fat intake where higher fat intake (114.7, 99.8, 71.8, 62.9 g/day mean) was significantly associated (P < 0.01) to higher VCP (1.10, 1.04, 0.89, 0.79 speed threshold mean, respectively). Conclusions Increased total fat intake may have a positive effect on brain function, even with higher saturated fat and lower unsaturated fat intake. Funding Sources Egg Nutrition Council.

Abstract 3277: Sustained Benefits in Vascular Function through Flavanol-Containing Cocoa in Medicated Diabetic Patients: A Double-Masked, Randomized, Controlled Trial

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Balzer ◽  
Tienush Rassaf ◽  
Christian Heiss ◽  
Petra Kleinbongard ◽  
Thomas Lauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Test Feasibility

Purpose Epidemiological investigations revealed an inverse correlation between the dietary intake of flavanols, the mortality of cardiovascular disease, and the incidence of diabetes. Controlled trials evaluating longer-term effects of flavanol-containing cocoa on endothelial function in diabetic patients are missing. This study was designed to test feasibility and efficacy of a dietary intervention based on daily intake of flavanol-containing cocoa for improving vascular function of medicated diabetic patients. Methods In a feasibility study with 10 diabetic patients, we assessed vascular function as flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, plasma levels of flavanol metabolites, and tolerability following an acute, single-dose ingestion of cocoa, containing increasing concentrations of flavanols (75,371,963mg). In a subsequent efficacy study, changes in vascular function in 41 medicated diabetics were assessed following a 30-day, thrice-daily dietary intervention with either flavanol-rich cocoa (321mg flavanols per dose) or a nutrient-matched control (25mg flavanols per dose). Both studies were undertaken in a randomized, double-masked fashion. Results A single ingestion of flavanol-containing cocoa was dose-dependently associated with significant acute increases in circulating flavanols and FMD (at 2h: from 3.7±0.2% to 5.5±0.4%, p<0.001). A 30-day, thrice-daily consumption of flavanol-containing cocoa increased baseline FMD by 30% (p<0.0001), while acute increases of FMD upon ingestion of flavanol-containing cocoa continued to be manifest throughout the study. Treatment was well tolerated without evidence of tachyphylaxia. Endothelium-independent responses, blood pressure, heart rate, and glycemic control were unaffected. Conclusions Our study clearly establishes improvements of endothelial function after regular consumption of flavanol-containing cocoa in patients with type 2 diabetes, highlighting the potential of flavanol-containing diets, and underscoring the potential health care benefit for reducing the risk of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients.

scholarly journals Predictors of Long-Term Adherence to Multiple Health Behavior Recommendations for Weight Management

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 997-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie L. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Lawrence J. Appel ◽  
Bethany Bray ◽  
Neon Brooks ◽  
Victor J. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Psychosocial Predictors ◽  
Weight Outcomes ◽  
Total Fat

Background. We have demonstrated previously that patterns of behavioral adherence in the first 6 months of behavioral lifestyle interventions were associated with significant weight loss at 18 months. In this article, we extend this work to examine patterns of behavioral adherence over 18 months and to explore baseline demographic and psychosocial predictors. Method. Latent class analysis was applied separately to the Weight Loss Maintenance and PREMIER trials data to examine patterns of adherence to the following recommendations: (1) consuming ≥9 servings of fruits and vegetables per day, (2) ≤25% of energy from total fat, (3) ≤7% energy from saturated fat, and (4) ≥180 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test demographic and psychosocial predictors of latent class membership. Results. Four distinct subgroups with common patterns of behavioral adherence were identified in each trial including, Behavioral Maintainers, who maintained adherence to all behavioral recommendations for 1 year, Nonresponders, who did not adhere to the recommendations at any time point, and latent classes that reflected patterns of adherence to one or two behaviors or behavioral relapse. A significantly higher proportion of Behavioral Maintainers sustained ≥5% weight loss for 1 year compared with Nonresponders. Participants with higher vitality scores at baseline were more likely to belong to a latent class with long-term adherence to one or more recommendations than the Nonresponders class. Conclusions. Regular assessment of health behaviors and psychosocial measures such as vitality may help identify nonresponders and inform treatment tailoring to improve long-term behavioral and weight outcomes.

scholarly journals Formation and Validation of the Healthy Diet Index (HDI) for Evaluation of Diet Quality in Healthcare

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2362
Author(s):  
Jaana Lindström ◽  
Kirsikka Aittola ◽  
Auli Pölönen ◽  
Katri Hemiö ◽  
Kirsti Ahonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Monounsaturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Counselling ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Quality In Healthcare

Lack of tools to evaluate the quality of diet impedes dietary counselling in healthcare. We constructed a scoring for a validated food intake questionnaire, to measure the adherence to a healthy diet that prevents type 2 diabetes (T2D). The Healthy Diet Index (HDI) consists of seven weighted domains (meal pattern, grains, fruit and vegetables, fats, fish and meat, dairy, snacks and treats). We studied the correlations of the HDI with nutrient intakes calculated from 7-day food records among 52 men and 25 women, and associations of HDI with biomarkers and anthropometrics among 645 men and 2455 women. The HDI correlated inversely with total fat (Pearson’s r = −0.37), saturated fat (r = −0.37), monounsaturated fat (r = −0.37), and the glycaemic index of diet (r = −0.32) and positively with carbohydrates (r = 0.23), protein (r = 0.25), fibre (r = 0.66), magnesium (r = 0.26), iron (r = 0.25), and vitamin D (r = 0.27), (p < 0.05 for all). In the linear regression model adjusted for BMI and age, HDI is associated inversely with waist circumference, concentrations of fasting and 2-h glucose and triglycerides in men and women, total and LDL cholesterol in women, and fasting insulin in men (p < 0.05 for all). The HDI proved to be a valid tool to measure adherence to a health-promoting diet and to support individualised dietary counselling.

The impact of a complex workplace dietary intervention on Irish employees’ off-duty dietary intakes

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Fitzgerald ◽  
Lynn Buckley ◽  
Ivan J Perry ◽  
Fiona Geaney
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Modification ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A paucity of evidence exists regarding the impact of workplace dietary interventions on employees’ off-duty dietary intakes. This study assessed the impact of workplace dietary interventions that included nutrition education and environmental dietary modification both alone and in combination on employees’ dietary intakes inside (on-duty) and outside (off-duty) of work. A pre–post study on employees’ on and off-duty dietary intakes was undertaken. Data were obtained from a complex workplace dietary intervention study (Food Choice at Work Trial). Four manufacturing workplaces were allocated to: Control (n = 111), nutrition education (n = 226), environmental dietary modification (n = 113) and nutrition education and environmental dietary modification combined (n = 400) (2013–14). Seven- to nine-month follow-up data were obtained for 517 employees (61% response) [Control (n = 67), Education (n = 107), Environment (n = 71) and Combined (n = 272)]. Dietary intakes were measured using 24-h dietary recalls. Differences between on and off-duty mean dietary intakes were compared and regression analyses adjusted for potential confounders. Significant reductions in on-duty intakes of total fat (−14.2 g/day, p = 0.000), saturated fat (−7 g/day, p = 0.000), salt (−1.4 g/day, p = 0.000) and total sugars (−8.9 g/day, p = 0.003) were observed in the Combined and in the Environment [total fat (−11.4 g/d, p = 0.017) and saturated fat (−8.8 g/day, p = 0.000)]. In the Combined, significant changes were also observed in off-duty intakes of total fat (−10.0 g/day, p = 0.001), saturated fat (−4.2 g/day, p = 0.001), salt (−0.7 g/day, p = 0.020) and total sugars (−8.1 g/day, p = 0.020). Food service can have a positive impact in our everyday environments, including inside and outside of work. Dietary interventions combining nutrition education and environmental dietary modification can improve employees’ on and off-duty dietary intakes.

Abstract 3696: Decreased Number Of Circulating Progenitor Cells In Obesity -Beneficial Effects Of Weight Reduction

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Muller-Ehmsen ◽  
Daniela Braun ◽  
Thorsten Schneider ◽  
Roman Pfister ◽  
Franziska Grundmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Double Positive ◽  
Media Thickness ◽  
Cell Counts

Aims: Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with decreased levels of circulating progenitor cells (CPC). The aim of this study was to determine whether the number of CPC is an independent correlate of Body-Mass-Index (BMI) and whether weight loss leads to an increase of CPC. Methods: CD34 positive and KDR/CD34, CD133/CD34 and CD117/CD34 double positive cells were measured by FACS in peripheral blood of 149 volunteers (52.5±0.1 years, BMI 21.5–52.7 kg/m 2 , mean 31.6±0.03 kg/m 2 ) participating in a weight reduction program offered by German pharmacies. In addition, carotid intima media thickness and brachial artery flow mediated dilatation were determined. After a diet and sports program for 6 months, 86 representing subjects were re-evaluated (mean weight loss 5.8±0.1 kg). Results: There was an inverse correlation between BMI and CPC. For subjects with BMI>34.1 compared to BMI<28.1 (4 th vs. 1 st quartile) cell counts were: CD34+: 137.7±1.6 vs. 187.0±1.8; KDR/CD34: 17.3±0.7 vs. 55.8±2.0; CD133/CD34: 70.2±1.6 vs. 129.2±1.7; CD117/CD34: 93.1±2.1 vs. 142.7±1.7, all per million leucocytes; p< 0.01 for all parameters). The decrease in CPC in obesity held true not only for the absolute cell numbers, but also for the relative fractions of KDR, CD133 and CD117 positive cells within the CD34 + cells, indicating a specific down regulation of these progenitor cell types. Intima media thickness increased in dependence from BMI (p< 0.001) and was inversely correlated with the number of circulating CD34 positive cell (p< 0.05). After diet, there was a significant increase of CD34 and CD117/CD34 positive cells in subjects whose reduction in BMI was greater than 2.5 kg/m 2 (4 th quartile), which was accompanied by a decrease in intima media thickness (p< 0.05) and an improvement in forearm dilatory response (p < 0.01). Increase in the number of CPC was independent from whether weight loss was achieved by increased physical exercise or by reduced calory intake only. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with decreased numbers of CPC, increased intima media thickness and impaired endothelial function. Diet and weight loss lead to an increase in circulating progenitor cell count, which might contribute to regression of intima media thickness and improved endothelial function.

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