Linkage Diplomacy: Economic and Security Bargaining in the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902–23

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Policy Process ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Security Cooperation ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Side Payments ◽  
Ruling Party

How do states use economic-security linkages in international bargaining? Governments can provide economic benefits as a side payment to reinforce security cooperation and use close security ties as a source of bargaining leverage in economic negotiations. Domestic political pressures, however, may constrain the form of linkage. First, economic side payments are more likely to be chosen in areas that will not harm the key interests of the ruling party. Second, involvement by the legislature pushes governments toward using security ties as bargaining leverage for economic gains. Evidence from negotiations between Britain and Japan during the Anglo-Japanese alliance of 1902 to 1923 supports the constraining role of domestic politics. Economic-security linkages occurred as Britain gave favorable economic treatment to Japan in order to strengthen the alliance. Economic competition between the allies, however, made it difficult for Britain to grant asymmetrical economic benefits. In tariff negotiations where business interests had more influence in the domestic policy process, the alliance was used as leverage to force reciprocity.

Banana Splits: Policy Process, Particularistic Interests, Political Capture, and Money in Transatlantic Trade Politics

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Cadot ◽  
Douglas Webber
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Corporate Campaign ◽  
The North ◽  
Transatlantic Trade ◽  
The Eu

The most intractable and protracted transatlantic trade conflict of the last decade was over bananas, which grow neither on the European nor on the North American continent. Our explanation of the conflict emphasizes the determining role of the domestic politics of the EU and the United States. It was driven not only by the extreme divergence of preferences of Brussels' and Washington's domestic constituencies, rooted in the competitive position of competing banana industries, but also, and critically, by the institutional configuration of (agricultural) trade policymaking on either side of the Atlantic. The EU agricultural trade policy process is characterized by a division of labor that favors agricultural over wider trading interests, sectoral segmentation, and sector-specific issue-linkage. The U.S. trade policy process is characterized by the Congress's growing reassertion of its trade policy prerogatives, the growing institutionalization of firms' access to the trade policy bureaucracy, and the growing volume and role of corporate campaign donations. The combined effect of these different policy process traits has been to facilitate the capture of banana trade policy by highly organized, particularistic, and predominantly trading interests. Although neither the WTO nor the transatlantic trading relationship ultimately “slipped” over bananas, the conflict provides scant reason for optimism concerning the future of this relationship or indeed of the multilateral international trading system, at least in as far as the latter depends on good EU-U.S. relations.

scholarly journals Role of China and Iran in Afghanistan Peace Process

sjesr ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-432
Author(s):  
Dr. Ghulam Mustafa ◽  
Dr. Mansoor Ahmed ◽  
Aamir Junaid
Keyword(s):  
Peace Process ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Regional Organizations ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
Eastern Border ◽  
Important State

China and Iran are the two important neighboring states of Afghanistan. Afghanistan shares a long border of 936 km with Iran but a small border of 76 km with China. China is the most rapidly growing economic and military power of the World with a large number of people. China has great economic, security, and political interests in Afghanistan. China is keen to get natural resources from Afghanistan. China is using regional organizations like SCO and SAARC to get closer to Afghanistan. China is trying to bring peace to Afghanistan so that Afghanistan could get economic benefits from Chinese expertise. Iran is another important state that has stakes in Afghanistan has a historical connection with Kabul. The ouster of the Taliban from power provided a chance to Iran to enhance its historical and cultural ties with Afghanistan. American presence on Iran's eastern border is a great worry for the religious-minded state of Iran. Iran has cordial relations with the Afghan government in Kabul and working on various projects in Afghanistan. Iran also has ties with hard-core militants of the Taliban. This paper highlights the relations of China and Iran with Afghanistan. This paper also shows the role of China and Iran in the Afghan peace process.

Regionalisation in the Gdańsk area

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Czepczyński
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Regional Governance ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
The Right ◽  
Insight Into

PurposeThis paper aims to present some of the key obstacles and general conditions which shape regional cooperation between municipalities of Poland's third largest agglomeration of Gdańsk, also called Tri‐City.Design/methodology/approachThe paper examines the role of leadership in organizations representing business interests, and the competing and conflicting perspectives on the “right” scale to do so – local and/or regional, drawing on participatory insights into the relevant processes.FindingsIt is found that economic competition and post‐1990 neo‐liberal governance practices enhance the isolationism and rivalry between localities within the agglomeration. Any public claims to “cooperation” are mainly limited to the practicalities of public transportation. Individual actors and their personalities and policy‐making abilities play a key part in any collaborative agenda, often pushed by EU funding conditions that require institutional collaboration.Originality/valueThe obstacles to, and mechanisms of, city‐regional governance are very topical. The contribution of this paper is timely and offers a rare insight into the competing ambitions and “visions” in local public administration after the end of communist‐era top‐down government.

POLICY CHANGE – THE ROLE OF IDEAS AND POLICY ENTREPRENEURS

2018 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Arwanto Arwanto ◽  
Wike Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Policy Entrepreneurs ◽  
Multiple Streams ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Problem Framing ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Understanding policy process involves many distinctive approaches. The most common are institutional, groups or networks, exogenous factors, rational actors, and idea-based approach. This paper discussed the idea-based approach to explain policy process, in this case policy change. It aims to analyse how ideas could assist people to understand policy change. What role do they play and why are they considered as fundamental element? It considers that ideas are belong to every policy actor, whether it is individual or institution. In order to answer these questions, this paper adopts Kingdon’s multi streams approach to analyse academic literatures. Through this approach, the relationship between ideas and policy change can be seen clearer. Ideas only can affect in policy change if it is agreed and accepted by policy makers. Therefore the receptivity of ideas plays significant role and it emerges policy entrepreneurs. They promote ideas (through problem framing, timing, and narrative construction) and manipulate in order to ensure the receptivity of ideas. Although policy entrepreneurs play significant role, political aspects remains the most important element in the policy process. Keywords: policy change, ideas, idea-based approach, Kingdon’s multiple streams, policy entrepreneurs.

Dammed If You Don’t, But What If You Do? Breaching the Lower Snake River Dams in Washington State

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C. Lopardo ◽  
Clare M. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Policy Process ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Federal Agencies ◽  
Snake River ◽  
Environmental Groups ◽  
Steep Decline ◽  
Mitigation Techniques ◽  
Economic Analyses

Four dams on the lower Snake River in Washington State generate hydropower and allow for regional agriculture and barge shipping to Portland OR. However, the dams impede the migration of local salmon populations (Oncorhynchus spp.), which are in steep decline, and drastically impact the populations of salmon and orca whales, for whom salmon are a primary food source. For years, environmental groups have argued for breaching the dams; other interests counter that the dams are too critical to the economy of the region to lose; and federal agencies assert that the dams can remain and salmon populations will recover with mitigation techniques. Scientific and economic analyses, litigation, and elected officials’ efforts have not been able to move the issue towards a solution. Readers will examine the interests of primary actors in the issue, how they influence the policy process, the role of scientific and economic analyses, and possible approaches for resolving the issue.

Why Adjudicate?

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Policy Process ◽  
Steel Industry ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Disputes ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Wto Dispute Settlement ◽  
Chinese Intellectual ◽  
Trade War

The World Trade Organization (WTO) oversees the negotiation and enforcement of formal rules governing international trade. Why do countries choose to adjudicate their trade disputes in the WTO rather than settling their differences on their own? This book investigates the domestic politics behind the filing of WTO complaints and reveals why formal dispute settlement creates better outcomes for governments and their citizens. It demonstrates that industry lobbying, legislative demands, and international politics influence which countries and cases appear before the WTO. Democratic checks and balances bias the trade policy process toward public lawsuits and away from informal settlements. Trade officials use legal complaints to manage domestic politics and defend trade interests. WTO dispute settlement enables states and domestic groups to signal resolve more effectively, thereby enhancing the information available to policymakers and reducing the risk of a trade war. The book establishes this argument with data on trade disputes and landmark cases, including the Boeing-Airbus controversy over aircraft subsidies, disagreement over Chinese intellectual property rights, and Japan's repeated challenges of U.S. steel industry protection. The book explains why the United States gains better outcomes for cases taken to formal dispute settlement than for those negotiated. Case studies of Peru and Vietnam show that legal action can also benefit developing countries.

Execution of Security Rights in Islamic Banking at The Religious Court of Purbalingga

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 287-297
Author(s):  
Nita Triana
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Actual Situation ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Security Interest ◽  
Final Verdict ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Religious Courts

This article examines the execution of a security interest in Islamic banking in the Islamic economic disputes in  the  Purbalingga  Religious  Court. The case of non-performing loans in the world of Islamic banking is often the case, this was due to the debtor defaults. Mortgages used as collateral can be executed based on the decision of the Religious Court. The method used in this research is a kind of field research with the approach of Socio Legal Research, including in the realm of non-doctrinal study. The results show the execution of a security interest in dispute sharia economy in Purbalingga Religious Court has been run in accordance with the mandate of the Act: On the substance of the Implementation of the decision of execution is the end of a case that is the result of what is required by the plaintiff are determined in a court of Religion with using the guidelines do not separate from the disciplinary proceedings contained in HIR or Rbg. On the  Structure  of  Purbalingga Religious Court  carry out executions by institutions that are available from the start to the filing of the petition to the Chairman of the Religious Courts, judges who will examine the final verdict, Executor who will call and will execute and when the auction Clerk role of the mentor  State Property Office and Auction (KPKNL). Culturally law. Purbalingga Religious Court  carry out the execution-based approaches to religion and culture. This approach proved to facilitate execution. Obstacles that faced in general, form, creditors often receive a guaranteed land and buildings where the land certificate is no longer appropriate to the actual situation, the Debtor is not willing to leave the place right dependents, barriers to the sale of objects auction execution which does not go unsold objects auction / auction. Constraints that normally occurs in the execution of this economic security rights dispute, can be resolved by various reinforcement structures / institutions and culture through the law chosen by the Purbalingga Religious Courts.

The Artist as Environmentalist: Ansel Adams, Policy Entrepreneurship, and the Growth of Environmentalism

Public Voices ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
John C. Morris
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Entrepreneur ◽  
Policy Entrepreneurship ◽  
Ansel Adams

The role of the policy entrepreneur in the policy process forms an integral part of our understanding of the formulation and implementation of policy in the United States. For all its theoretical importance, however, little work has been done to develop or test the propositions of entrepreneurship offered by Kingdon (1984). By examining the life of Ansel Adams (1902-1984), this paper explores more fully the concept of policy entrepreneurship and seeks to develop a more robust concept that accounts for the long-term, diffuse series of activities that precede Kingdon’s “stream coupling” in the policy process. The analysis suggests that such an approach offers some promise for capturing a broader spectrum of policy activity.

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