scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Hand–Object Congruency Effects during Action Planning

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Zuo Zhang ◽  
Peter Zeidman ◽  
Natalie Nelissen ◽  
Nicola Filippini ◽  
Jörn Diedrichsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Hand Orientation ◽  
Response Congruency ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Premotor Areas

Abstract Selecting hand actions to manipulate an object is affected both by perceptual factors and by action goals. Affordances may contribute to “stimulus–response” congruency effects driven by habitual actions to an object. In previous studies, we have demonstrated an influence of the congruency between hand and object orientations on response times when reaching to turn an object, such as a cup. In this study, we investigated how the representation of hand postures triggered by planning to turn a cup was influenced by this congruency effect, in an fMRI scanning environment. Healthy participants were asked to reach and turn a real cup that was placed in front of them either in an upright orientation or upside–down. They were instructed to use a hand orientation that was either congruent or incongruent with the cup orientation. As expected, the motor responses were faster when the hand and cup orientations were congruent. There was increased activity in a network of brain regions involving object-directed actions during action planning, which included bilateral primary and extrastriate visual, medial, and superior temporal areas, as well as superior parietal, primary motor, and premotor areas in the left hemisphere. Specific activation of the dorsal premotor cortex was associated with hand–object orientation congruency during planning and prior to any action taking place. Activity in that area and its connectivity with the lateral occipito-temporal cortex increased when planning incongruent (goal-directed) actions. The increased activity in premotor areas in trials where the orientation of the hand was incongruent to that of the object suggests a role in eliciting competing representations specified by hand postures in lateral occipito-temporal cortex.

scholarly journals Neural correlates of hand-object congruency effects during action planning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuo Zhang ◽  
Natalie Nelissen ◽  
Peter Zeidman ◽  
Nicola Filippini ◽  
Jörn Diedrichsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Hand Orientation ◽  
Action Taking ◽  
Motor Representations ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Premotor Areas

AbstractSelecting hand actions to manipulate an object is affected both by perceptual factors and by action goals. Affordances are associated with the automatic potentiation of motor representations to an object, independent of the goal of the actor. In previous studies, we have demonstrated an influence of the congruency between hand and object orientations on response times when reaching to turn an object, such as a cup. In this study, we investigated how the representation of hand postures triggered by planning to turn a cup were influenced by this congruency effect, in an fMRI scanning environment. Healthy participants were asked to reach and turn a real cup that was placed in front of them either in an upright orientation or upside down. They were instructed to use a hand orientation that was either congruent or incongruent with the cup orientation. As expected, the motor responses were faster when the hand and cup orientations were congruent. There was increased activity in a network of brain regions involving object-directed actions during action planning, which included bilateral primary and extrastriate visual, medial and superior temporal areas, as well as superior parietal, primary motor and premotor areas in the left hemisphere. Specific activation of the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) was associated with hand-object orientation congruency during planning, and prior to any action taking place. Activity in that area and its connectivity with the lateral occipito-temporal cortex (LOTC) increased when planning incongruent actions. The increased activity in premotor areas in trials where the orientation of the hand was incongruent to that of the object suggests a role in eliciting competing representations specified by hand postures in LOTC.

scholarly journals Comparison of Primate Prefrontal and Premotor Cortex Neuronal Activity during Visual Categorization

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 3355-3365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A. Cromer ◽  
Jefferson E. Roy ◽  
Timothy J. Buschman ◽  
Earl K. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Visual Categorization ◽  
Category Information ◽  
Cognitive Problem

Previous work has shown that neurons in the PFC show selectivity for learned categorical groupings. In contrast, brain regions lower in the visual hierarchy, such as inferior temporal cortex, do not seem to favor category information over information about physical appearance. However, the role of premotor cortex (PMC) in categorization has not been studied, despite evidence that PMC is strongly engaged by well-learned tasks and reflects learned rules. Here, we directly compare PFC neurons with PMC neurons during visual categorization. Unlike PFC neurons, relatively few PMC neurons distinguished between categories of visual images during a delayed match-to-category task. However, despite the lack of category information in the PMC, more than half of the neurons in both PFC and PMC reflected whether the category of a test image did or did not match the category of a sample image (i.e., had match information). Thus, PFC neurons represented all variables required to solve the cognitive problem, whereas PMC neurons instead represented only the final decision variable that drove the appropriate motor action required to obtain a reward. This dichotomy fits well with PFC's hypothesized role in learning arbitrary information and directing behavior as well as the PMC's role in motor planning.

Functional anatomy of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. McGuire ◽  
D. A. Silbersweig ◽  
R. M. Murray ◽  
A. S. David ◽  
R. S. J. Frackowiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Inner Speech ◽  
Imagery Condition ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Speech Generation ◽  
Verbal Imagery ◽  
Increased Activity

SynopsisThe neural correlates of inner speech and of auditory verbal imagery were examined in normal volunteers, using positron emission tomography (PET). Subjects were shown single words which they used to generate short, stereotyped sentences without speaking. In an inner speech task, sentences were silently articulated, while in an auditory verbal imagery condition, subjects imagined sentences being spoken to them in an another person's voice. Inner speech was associated with increased activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Auditory verbal imagery was associated with increases in the same region, and in the left premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area and the left temporal cortex. The data suggest that the silent articulation of sentences involves activity in an area concerned with speech generation, while imagining speech is associated with additional activity in regions associated with speech perception.

scholarly journals Largely shared neural codes for biological and nonbiological observed movements but not for executed actions in monkey premotor areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Albertini ◽  
Marco Lanzilotto ◽  
Monica Maranesi ◽  
Luca Bonini
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Neural Codes ◽  
Action Observation Network ◽  
Observation Network ◽  
Premotor Areas

The neural processing of others' observed actions recruits a large network of brain regions (the action observation network, AON), in which frontal motor areas are thought to play a crucial role. Since the discovery of mirror neurons (MNs) in the ventral premotor cortex, it has been assumed that their activation was conditional upon the presentation of biological rather than nonbiological motion stimuli, supporting a form of direct visuomotor matching. Nonetheless, nonbiological observed movements have rarely been used as control stimuli to evaluate visual specificity, thereby leaving the issue of similarity among neural codes for executed actions and biological or nonbiological observed movements unresolved. Here, we addressed this issue by recording from two nodes of the AON that are attracting increasing interest, namely the ventro-rostral part of the dorsal premotor area F2 and the mesial pre-supplementary motor area F6 of macaques while they 1) executed a reaching-grasping task, 2) observed an experimenter performing the task, and 3) observed a nonbiological effector moving in the same context. Our findings revealed stronger neuronal responses to the observation of biological than nonbiological movement, but biological and nonbiological visual stimuli produced highly similar neural dynamics and relied on largely shared neural codes, which in turn remarkably differed from those associated with executed actions. These results indicate that, in highly familiar contexts, visuo-motor remapping processes in premotor areas hosting MNs are more complex and flexible than predicted by a direct visuomotor matching hypothesis.

scholarly journals Cortical activation associated with motor preparation can be used to predict the freely chosen effector of an upcoming movement and reflects response time: An fMRI decoding study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Hirose ◽  
Isao Nambu ◽  
Eiichi Naito
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
List Type ◽  
Action Execution ◽  
Motor Representations

AbstractMotor action is prepared in the human brain for rapid initiation at the appropriate time. Recent non-invasive decoding techniques have shown that brain activity for action preparation represents various parameters of an upcoming action. In the present study, we demonstrated that a freely chosen effector can be predicted from brain activity measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before initiation of the action. Furthermore, the activity was related to response time (RT). We measured brain activity with fMRI while 12 participants performed a finger-tapping task using either the left or right hand, which was freely chosen by them. Using fMRI decoding, we identified brain regions in which activity during the preparatory period could predict the hand used for the upcoming action. We subsequently evaluated the relationship between brain activity and the RT of the upcoming action to determine whether correct decoding was associated with short RT. We observed that activity in the supplementary motor area, dorsal premotor cortex, and primary motor cortex measured before action execution predicted the hand used to perform the action with significantly above-chance accuracy (approximately 70%). Furthermore, in most participants, the RT was shorter in trials for which the used hand was correctly predicted. The present study showed that preparatory activity in cortical motor areas represents information about the effector used for an upcoming action, and that well-formed motor representations in these regions are associated with reduced response times.HighlightsBrain activity measured by fMRI was used to predict freely chosen effectors.M1/PMd and SMA activity predicted the effector hand prior to action initiation.Response time was shorter in trials in which effector hand was correctly predicted.Freely chosen action is represented in the M1/PMd and SMA.Well-formed preparatory motor representations lead to reduced response time.

scholarly journals Neural Substrates of Action Event Knowledge

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 795-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph W. Kable ◽  
Jessica Lease-Spellmeyer ◽  
Anjan Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Posterior Aspect ◽  
Event Knowledge ◽  
Basic Distinction ◽  
Action Verbs ◽  
Increased Activity

Human concepts can be roughly divided into entities (prototypically referred to in language by nouns) and events (prototypically referred to in language by verbs). While much work in cognitive neuroscience has investigated how the brain represents different categories of entities, less attention has been given to the more basic distinction between entities and events. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain activity while subjects performed a conceptual matching task that required them to access knowledge of objects and actions, using either pictures or words. Since action events involve movement through space, we hypothesized that accessing knowledge of actions would cause greater activation in brain regions involved in motion or spatial processing. In comparison to objects, accessing knowledge of actions through pictures was accompanied by increased activity bilaterally in the human MT/MST and nearby regions of the lateral temporal cortex. Accessing knowledge of actions through words activated areas just anterior and dorsal to area MT/MST on the left, within the posterior aspect of the middle and superior temporal gyri. We propose that the lateral occipital temporal cortex contains a mosaic of neural regions that processes different kinds of motion, ranging from the perception of objects moving in the world to the conception of movement implied in action verbs. The lateral occipital temporal cortex mediates the perceptual and conceptual features of action events, similar to the way that the ventral occipital temporal cortex processes the perceptual and conceptual features of entities.

scholarly journals Fast-spiking interneurons of the premotor cortex contribute to action planning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Giordano ◽  
Claudia Alia ◽  
Lorenzo Fruzzetti ◽  
Maria Pasquini ◽  
Silvestro Micera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Early Action ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Fast Spiking ◽  
Computational Analyses ◽  
Premotor Areas ◽  
Motor Acts

Planning and execution of voluntary movement depend on the contribution of distinct classes of neurons in primary motor and premotor areas. However, the specific functional role of GABAergic cells remains only partly understood. Here, electrophysiological and computational analyses are employed to compare directly the response properties of putative pyramidal (PNs) and fast-spiking, GABAergic neurons (FSNs) during licking and forelimb retraction in mice. Recordings from anterolateral motor cortex and rostral forelimb area, reveal that FSNs fire earlier and for a longer duration than PNs, with the exception of a subset of early-modulated PNs in deep layers. Computational analysis reveals that FSNs carry vastly more information than PNs about the onset of movement. While PNs differently modulate their discharge during distinct motor acts, most FSNs respond with a stereotyped increase in firing rate. Accordingly, the informational redundancy was greater among FSNs than PNs. These data suggest that a global rise of inhibition contributes to early action planning.

scholarly journals Wide-Field Calcium Imaging of Dynamic Cortical Networks During Locomotion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. West ◽  
Justin Aronson ◽  
Laurentiu S. Popa ◽  
Russell E. Carter ◽  
Aditya Shekhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Dorsal Cortex ◽  
Eigenvector Centrality ◽  
Functional Interactions ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Premotor Areas

ABSTRACTBehavior results in widespread activation of the cerebral cortex. To fully understanding the cerebral cortex’s role in behavior therefore requires a mesoscopic level description of the cortical regions engaged and their functional interactions. Mesoscopic imaging of Ca2+ fluorescence through transparent polymer skulls implanted on transgenic Thy1-GCaMP6f mice reveals widespread activation of the cerebral cortex during locomotion, including not just primary motor and somatosensory regions but also premotor, auditory, retrosplenial, and visual cortices. To understand these patterns of activation, we used spatial Independent Component Analysis (sICA) that segmented the dorsal cortex of individual mice into 20-22 Independent Components (ICs). The resulting ICs are highly consistent across imaging sessions and animals. Using the time series of Ca2+ fluorescence in each IC, we examined the changes in functional connectivity from rest to locomotion. Compared to rest, functional connectivity increases prior to and at the onset of locomotion. During continued walking, a global decrease in functional connectivity develops compared to rest that uncovers a distinct, sparser network in which ICs in secondary motor areas increase their correlations with more posterior ICs in somatosensory, motor, visual, and retrosplenial cortices. Eigenvector centrality analysis demonstrates that ICs located in premotor areas increase their influence on the network during locomotion while ICs in other regions, including somatosensory and primary motor, decrease in importance. We observed sequential changes in functional connectivity across transitions between rest and locomotion, with premotor areas playing an important role in coordination of computations across cortical brain regions.SIGNIFICANCEBehavior such as locomotion requires the coordination of multiple cerebral cortical regions to accurately navigate the external environment. However, it is unclear how computations from various regions are integrated to produce a single, coherent behavioral output. Here, wide-field, epifluorescence Ca2+ imaging across the dorsal cerebral cortex reveals the changing functional interactions among cortical regions during the transition from rest to locomotion. While functional connectivity among most cortical nodes primarily decreases from rest to locomotion, a well-defined network of increased correlations emerges between premotor and other cortical regions with an increase in the importance of the premotor cortex to the network. The results suggest that the role of the premotor areas in locomotion involves coordinating interactions among different cortical regions.

scholarly journals Influence of anterior midcingulate cortex on drinking behavior during thirst and following satiation

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 786-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Saker ◽  
Michael J. Farrell ◽  
Gary F. Egan ◽  
Michael J. McKinley ◽  
Derek A. Denton
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Supramarginal Gyrus ◽  
Midcingulate Cortex ◽  
Swallowing Reflex ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Premotor Areas

In humans, activity in the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) is associated with both subjective thirst and swallowing. This region is therefore likely to play a prominent role in the regulation of drinking in response to dehydration. Using functional MRI, we investigated this possibility during a period of “drinking behavior” represented by a conjunction of preswallow and swallowing events. These events were examined in the context of a thirsty condition and an “oversated” condition, the latter induced by compliant ingestion of excess fluid. Brain regions associated with swallowing showed increased activity for drinking behavior in the thirsty condition relative to the oversated condition. These regions included the cingulate cortex, premotor areas, primary sensorimotor cortices, the parietal operculum, and the supplementary motor area. Psychophysical interaction analyses revealed increased functional connectivity between the same regions and the aMCC during drinking behavior in the thirsty condition. Functional connectivity during drinking behavior was also greater for the thirsty condition relative to the oversated condition between the aMCC and two subcortical regions, the cerebellum and the rostroventral medulla, the latter containing nuclei responsible for the swallowing reflex. Finally, during drinking behavior in the oversated condition, ratings of swallowing effort showed a negative association with functional connectivity between the aMCC and two cortical regions, the sensorimotor cortex and the supramarginal gyrus. The results of this study provide evidence that the aMCC helps facilitate swallowing during a state of thirst and is therefore likely to contribute to the regulation of drinking after dehydration.

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN ROLE PLAYING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR BAHASA INDONESIA SISWA KELAS V SDN 032 KUALU KECAMATAN TAMBANG

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Hasan Basri
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Student Activity ◽  
Fifth Grade Students ◽  
Average Activity ◽  
Increased Activity

The problem in this research is found in Indonesian subjects that of the 30 students with KKM 75, which has already reached KKM as many as 15 people (41.7%), while that has not reached the KKM as many as 21 students (58.3%). The situation was caused by the teacher in explaining the lesson Indonesian still using a model of lectures and familiarize students to memorize, so that students can develop their ideas. The problems of this study as follows: Is the learning model application role playing can improve learning outcomes Indonesian fifth grade students of SDN 032 Kualu Kecamatan Tambang? This study aims to improve learning outcomes Indonesian grade students of SDN 032 Kualu Kecamatan Tambang through the application of learning models role playing. This research was conducted one month from the month of April 2015. The research was conducted 2 cycles, with each cycle consisting of two meetings as well as twice daily tests. Classroom action research in order to succeed, the researchers set the stage that action planning, action, observation and reflection. Based on the research results, it could be concluded that the activity of teachers in learning implementation role playing, in the first cycle average teacher activity amounted to 62.50% in the category of less pretty, and the activities of teachers in the second cycle of 84.72% in both categories once. Thus there is increased activity of teachers by 22.22% from the first cycle to the second cycle. The average activity of students in the first cycle the percentage of student activity in learning tends to increase. At the first meeting with the average student activity that is 61.25% with the category enough. At the second meeting increased by an average of student activity that is 81.25% with the category enough. The average increase in the activity of the students from the first cycle to the second cycle of 20.00%. The class classically considered complete when a class has achieved a score of 85% of the amount due or to KKM 75 then the class is said to be completed (90.00%). From the above shows that the application of learning models can improve outcomes role playing learning Indonesian grade students of SDN 032 Kualu Kecamatan Tambang, it can be concluded that the hypothesis is accepted as true action.

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