scholarly journals Between-Class Earnings Inequality in 30 European Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 741-778
Author(s):  
Tim Goedemé ◽  
Marii Paskov ◽  
David Weisstanner ◽  
Brian Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Class Inequality ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Class Composition ◽  
Southern European Countries ◽  
Cross National

Abstract This article studies earnings inequality between social classes across 30 European countries. Class inequality in earnings is found across the board although there are some exceptions. However, the degree of class inequality varies strongly across countries being larger in Western and Southern European countries and smaller in Eastern and Northern European countries. Furthermore, we find that differences in class composition in terms of observed characteristics associated with earnings account for a substantial proportion of these between-class differences. Differences between classes in the returns to education and other characteristics play less of a role. In all these respects there is a sizeable cross-national variation. This points to important differences between countries in how earnings are structured by social class.

scholarly journals Occupational Social Class and Earnings Inequality in Europe: A Comparative Assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Goedemé ◽  
Brian Nolan ◽  
Marii Paskov ◽  
David Weisstanner
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Class Inequality ◽  
Earnings Differentials ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Occupational Social Class

AbstractWhile there is renewed interest in earnings differentials between social classes, the contribution of social class to overall earnings inequality across countries and net of compositional effects remains largely uncharted territory. This paper uses data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions to assess earnings differentials between social classes (as measured by ESeC) and the role of between-class inequality in overall earnings inequality across 30 European countries. We find that there is substantial variation in earnings differences between social classes across countries. Countries with higher levels of between-class inequality tend to display higher levels of overall earnings inequality, but this relationship is far from perfect. Even with highly aggregated class measures, between-class inequality accounts for a non-negligible share of total earnings inequality (between 15 and 25% in most countries). Controlling for observed between-class differences in composition shows that these account for much of the observed between-class earnings inequality, while in most countries between-class differences in returns to observed compositional variables do not play a major role. In all these respects we find considerable variation across countries, implying that both the size of between-class differences in earnings and the primary mechanisms that produce these class differences vary substantially between European countries.

scholarly journals Resilience to Online Disinformation: A Framework for Cross-National Comparative Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edda Humprecht ◽  
Frank Esser ◽  
Peter Van Aelst
Keyword(s):  
Political Communication ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Southern European Countries ◽  
National Approach ◽  
Western Democracies ◽  
Cross National

Online disinformation is considered a major challenge for modern democracies. It is widely understood as misleading content produced to generate profits, pursue political goals, or maliciously deceive. Our starting point is the assumption that some countries are more resilient to online disinformation than others. To understand what conditions influence this resilience, we choose a comparative cross-national approach. In the first step, we develop a theoretical framework that presents these country conditions as theoretical dimensions. In the second step, we translate the dimensions into quantifiable indicators that allow us to measure their significance on a comparative cross-country basis. In the third part of the study, we empirically examine eighteen Western democracies. A cluster analysis yields three country groups: one group with high resilience to online disinformation (including the Northern European systems, for instance) and two country groups with low resilience (including the polarized Southern European countries and the United States). In the final part, we discuss the heuristic value of the framework for comparative political communication research in the age of information pollution.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Demand Shocks in Order to Reduce Current Account Imbalances in the EMU

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Séverine Menguy
Keyword(s):  
Current Account ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Demand Shock ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Current Account Imbalances ◽  
Openness To Trade ◽  
Southern European Countries ◽  
Account Imbalances

With the current European sovereign public debt crisis and current account imbalances difficulties in the EMU, many papers now underline that the problem of the European construction is its lack of institutional framework and common economic governance necessary to make a monetary union viable. According to these papers, the solution would lie in a stronger economic cooperation, with the Northern European countries contributing to lighten the burden of the Southern debtor countries. In this context, our model shows that a symmetric positive demand shock in the EMU could only slightly reduce the external indebtedness of the Southern European countries but would efficiently reduce their public debt levels. To the contrary, an asymmetric positive demand shock in the creditor Northern European countries (e.g., an increase in German wages) could reduce the current account deficits of the Southern European countries, in particular for countries with the highest openness to trade. Nevertheless, it would worsen the indebtedness levels, and it would also increase the recessionary risks in these countries.

Cross-National Variation in Socioeconomic Status and Delinquency: A Comparative Study of Adolescents from 26 European Countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 677-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Savolainen ◽  
Jukka Savolainen ◽  
Lorine A. Hughes ◽  
Jukka Savolainen ◽  
Lorine A. Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
National Differences ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cross National

Abstract This research examined cross-national differences in the association between social class and delinquency. The poverty hypothesis expects socioeconomic disadvantage to exert a causal influence on delinquent behavior. This expectation implies that the individual-level association between family SES and delinquent offending will be attenuated at increased levels of collective social protection. The social selection perspective also assumes a negative relationship between SES and delinquency but explains it away as a spurious consequence of intergenerational transmission of antisocial propensity. In light of comparative research on social stratification, the selection perspective suggests that the association between low parental SES and offspring criminality may be stronger in advanced welfare states due to reduced influence of ascribed characteristics on socioeconomic attainment in these countries. Survey data from 26 European countries (n=78,703) were used to evaluate the validity of these conflicting hypotheses. In support of the selection perspective, results showed that class differences in delinquent offending are larger in more advanced welfare states.

Age/Grade and Social-Class Differences in Descriptions and Inquiries about Games

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-255
Author(s):  
Denise M. Worth
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Eighth Grade ◽  
Socioeconomic Differences ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Performance Differences ◽  
Grade 8

This study explored cognitive performance differences between disadvantaged and middle-class boys on descriptive and inquiry tasks relating to everyday games. Fourth and eighth grade boys from both social classes were asked to describe the game they played most, then to learn a new game using yes-or-no questioning. The interviews were content-analyzed by category of game information and rated for effectiveness of description and inquiry. Grade 8 boys covered a wider array of categories for a description or inquiry of a given length. They were also more likely to explore the object of the game on all tasks. Grade 4 boys more frequently seemed at a loss in generating questions on the inquiry task. Socioeconomic differences were present, favoring middle-class boys, but they were smaller and less consistent than age/grade differences, and somewhat greater at Grade 4. While most Grade 8 boys were able to pursue an inquiry, more middle-class boys seemed involved in the task in a positive and motivated way. Complexity of grade and social-class differences in cognitive performance and the need for further research were discussed.

Social class differences in mortality in Great Britain around 1981

1988 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Haberman ◽  
D. S. F. Bloomfield
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Occupational Mortality ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

The Decennial Supplement on Occupational Mortality published in 1978 commented on mortality differences between the social classes (Chapter 8) using data from the 1971 Census and the deaths in the period 1970–72. The analysis was based on life tables prepared for the individual social classes from which derived indices, for example expectations of life, were calculated. It is proposed here to repeat this exercise using the data for males recently published in microfiche form by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys—OPCS. This time, the Decennial Supplement has omitted to provide an analysis and commentary and we propose to make some attempt to remedy this deficiency. In our analysis, the Decennial Supplement data have been supplemented by data from the OPCS Longitudinal Study.

scholarly journals SOCIAL CLASS AND EARNINGS TRAJECTORIES IN 14 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonie Westhoff ◽  
Erzsebet Bukodi ◽  
John H Goldthorpe
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Employment Relations ◽  
Full Time Equivalent ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Annual Earnings ◽  
Cross National

In this paper, we seek to contribute to ongoing discussions of the relationship between income and class in analyses of social inequality and mobility. We argue that while class has sometimes been taken as a proxy for long-term earning levels, it is of greater importance, at least when treated in terms of the EGP schema or the European Socio-Economic Classification (ESEC), in capturing differences in the trajectories that employees’ earnings follow over the course of their working lives. Moving beyond previous single country studies, we examine how far the theory that underlies ESEC is reflected in men’s age-earnings trajectories across 14 European countries, while also taking into account any effects of their educational qualifications. Modelling data from the 2017 EU-SILC survey, and focussing on men’s full year/full-time equivalent gross annual earnings, we find that although the age-earnings trajectories that are estimated for different classes do reveal some cross-national variation, there are major features, of a theoretically expected kind, that are evident with our pooled sample and that regularly recur in individual countries. Class differences in earnings are at their narrowest for men in the youngest age group but then widen across older age groups. This occurs primarily because the earnings of men in the professional and managerial salariat, and especially in the higher salariat, show a marked rise with age, while the earnings of men in other classes rise far less sharply or remain flat. We also find evidence that these diverging trajectories are primarily shaped by individuals’ class positions independently of their level of qualifications – however important the latter is in determining the class positions that they hold. What can be regarded as the logic of different forms of employment relations, as captured by ESEC, leads to a large degree of cross-national commonality in the association that exists between class and the trajectories of earnings over working life.

Stratification and Smoking: A Search for Class-Based Smoking Lifestyles

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Smoking Prevention ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Sociological Factors ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Canadian City ◽  
General Climate ◽  
Smoking Attitudes

This study looked for evidence of distinctive smoking lifestyles among social classes. Data on smoking attitudes and behaviors were collected via interviews of a representative sample of residents of a major western Canadian city. Four indicators of social class position (based on two approaches to conceptualizing social class) were employed. Regardless of the indicator of class used, few attitudinal or behavioral differences between social classes were found. The results suggest that the multi-faceted approach to smoking prevention in Canada has fostered a general climate of opinion which is antagonistic to smoking. Sociological factors which can lead to misperceptions of the extent of social class differences in smoking are discussed.

Social Class Inequalities in the Utilization of Health Care and Preventive Services in Spain, a Country with a National Health System

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Garrido-Cumbrera ◽  
Carme Borrell ◽  
Laia Palència ◽  
Albert Espelt ◽  
Maica Rodríguez-Sanz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
National Health ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Class Differences

In Spain, despite the existence of a National Health System (NHS), the utilization of some curative health services is related to social class. This study assesses (1) whether these inequalities are also observed for preventive health services and (2) the role of additional private health insurance for people of advantaged social classes. Using data from the Spanish National Health Survey of 2006, the authors analyze the relationships between social class and use of health services by means of Poisson regression models with robust variance, controlling for self-assessed health. Similar analyses were performed for waiting times for visits to a general practitioner (GP) and specialist. After controlling for self-perceived health, men and women from social classes IV-V had a higher probability of visiting the GP than other social classes, but a lower probability of visiting a specialist or dentist. No large class differences were observed in frequency of hospitalization or emergency services use, or in breast cancer screening or influenza vaccination; cervical cancer screening frequency was lower among women from social classes IV-V. The inequalities in specialist visits, dentist visits, and cervical cancer screening were larger among people with only NHS insurance than those with double health insurance. Social class differences in waiting times were observed for specialist visits, but not for GP visits. Men and women from social classes IV-V had longer waits for a specialist; this was most marked among people with only NHS insurance. Clearly, within the NHS, social class inequalities are still evident for some curative and preventive services. Further research is needed to identify the factors driving these inequalities and to tackle these factors from within the NHS. Priority areas include specialist services, dental care, and cervical cancer screening.

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