Metalinguistic comments as a tool for bottom-up language policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-219
Author(s):  
Margreet Dorleijn
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Valuable Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Metalinguistic Activity

Abstract This article demonstrates that analyzing evaluative metalinguistic comments on linguistic features can be a valuable diagnostic tool in understanding how emergent varieties develop and conventionalize. The paper provides a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of metalinguistic activity as part of the diverse sociolinguistic research disciplines. It then discusses what constitutes an evaluative metalinguistic comment, and classifies metalinguistic comments. Subsequently, the paper discusses data of a developing variety (Turkish-Dutch mixed speech). These data suggest that insiders monitor implicit norms, and reprimand transgressors, and/or deliberately transgress these norms (mostly in a humorous way), which amounts to the same thing: a keen awareness of these norms. Outsiders notice linguistic elements which contrast with their own variety.

scholarly journals Additional Techniques in Serous Effusions

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. J. M. Hanselaar
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Malignant Mesothelioma ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Image Cytometry ◽  
Serous Effusion ◽  
Cytological Examination ◽  
Valuable Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Carcinoma Of The Ovary ◽  
Dna Image Cytometry

Cytological examination is a valuable diagnostic tool in case of a serous effusion. The firstmanifestation of malignancy may be an effusion of the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal cavity, especially in carcinoma of the ovary, or lung, and malignant mesothelioma. In other malignancies effusions may occur in the course of the disease. The contribution by Motherby et al. in this issue of ACP focuses on the contribution of image and flow cytometry to establish the presence or absence of malignancy in serous effusions [16]. They point out that the sensitivity of DNA image cytometry in equivocal effusions may be as high as 87.5%, and that for the detection of malignancy, DNA image cytometry is superior to flow cytometry.

Digital videourodynamic: a valuable diagnostic tool in the long term follow-up in the low urinary diverted patients

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Antonio Carbone ◽  
Marco Racioppi ◽  
Alessandro D'Addessi ◽  
Giovanni Palleschi ◽  
Raniero Parascani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Valuable Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Synthesis of nanomaterials using various top-down and bottom-up approaches, influencing factors, advantages, and disadvantages: A review

2021 ◽  
pp. 102597
Author(s):  
Namra Abid ◽  
Aqib Muhammad Khan ◽  
Sara Shujait ◽  
Kainat Chaudhary ◽  
Muhammad Ikram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Synthesis Of Nanomaterials

scholarly journals Capillaroscopy: A Valuable Diagnostic Tool

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 347-352
Author(s):  
S.S. Ocampo-Garza ◽  
M.A. Villarreal-Alarcón ◽  
A.V. Villarreal-Treviño ◽  
J. Ocampo-Candiani
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Valuable Diagnostic Tool

scholarly journals P251 Small bowel capsule endoscopy is a valuable diagnostic tool in isolated terminal ileitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S275-S275
Author(s):  
M FREITAS ◽  
T Cúrdia Gonçalves ◽  
P Boal Carvalho ◽  
F Dias de Castro ◽  
B Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Capsule Endoscopy ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Terminal Ileitis ◽  
Faecal Calprotectin ◽  
Valuable Diagnostic Tool

Abstract Background Terminal ileitis (TI), is a common condition in clinical practice and may be associated with a wide variety of diseases. Small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) is a valuable diagnostic tool for small bowel diseases; however, data regarding its diagnostic impact on isolated TI are sparse. The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of SBCE for isolated TI detected during ileocolonoscopy. Methods Retrospective study including consecutive patients undergoing SBCE after diagnosis of TI without colonic mucosal abnormalities on ileocolonoscopy between January 2016 and September 2019. Demographic, clinical, biochemical, endoscopic and imaging data were collected. Results One hundred and two patients with isolated ileitis on ileocolonoscopy were included. Positive findings on SBCE were found in 84 (82.4%) patients, being ulcers the most common finding (76.5%). Endoscopic abnormalities proximal to terminal ileum were found in 36.3% of patients. After SBCE, 63.7% of patients had a final diagnosis, Crohn’s disease (CD) was the most common (34.3%), followed by NSAIDs enteropathy (12.7%). Elevated faecal calprotectin (p = 0.001) was independently associated with positive SBCE findings. There was a tendency for high levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate be associated with positive findings (p = 0.07). However, the presence of symptoms, imaging abnormalities and other laboratory findings such as leukocytosis, anaemia, and elevated C-reactive protein were not predictors of positive SBCE findings. At multivariate analysis, only elevated faecal calprotectin (OR 6.0, IC 95% 1.9–18.7; p = 0.002) was a significant predictive factor for positive SBCE findings. Conclusion SBCE revealed a high diagnostic yield in patients with isolated ileitis on ileocolonoscopy enabling a definite diagnosis in almost two-thirds of patients. Approximately one-third of patients had findings proximal to terminal ileum and a similar percentage was diagnosed with CD. In patients with isolated ileitis on ileocolonoscopy, SBCE should be considered to evaluate small bowel lesions, particularly when there is an elevated faecal calprotectin, even when other clinical, imagiological or laboratorial abnormalities are absent.

Whole-exome sequencing is a valuable diagnostic tool for inherited peripheral neuropathies: Outcomes from a cohort of 50 families

2017 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hartley ◽  
J.D. Wagner ◽  
J. Warman-Chardon ◽  
M. Tétreault ◽  
L. Brady ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exome Sequencing ◽  
Whole Exome Sequencing ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Peripheral Neuropathies ◽  
Valuable Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Whole Exome

scholarly journals The Reconstruction of Etymon Proto of Sambori and Teta Isolects Spoken in Bima Regency-NTB-Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
I Gede Budasi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Sound Changes ◽  
Phonological System

The previous studies that describe the phonological system of the isolects and the description of their differing and uniting linguistic features have not yet answered the doubts among Indonesian linguists whether or not the  Proto of Sambori-Teta (PSm-Te)  were descended from Proto Austronesia (PAn). Thus, this article aims to describe the interrelatedness of the two protoes and to describe the types of sound changes from the PAn to PSm-Te etymons.  This descriptive study applied a comparative method by implementing bottom-up and top-down analysis in reconstructing the PSm-Te. The linguistic features as the evidence of the interrelatedness of the two protoes were identified and analyzed using sound change theories. This study found 1691 (99.35%)  definitive etymons of PSm-Te among 1702 etymons of Sambori and Teta Isolects identified in this study, and the types of sound change from PAn to PSm-Te etymons showed addition, deletion, metathesis, diphthongization, fusion, fortition, lenition, fronting, and backing. The definitive PSm-Te and the identified types of sound changes can be used as the linguistic evidence to determine that PAn descend PSm-Te. Therefore Sambori and Teta isolects reflect PSm-Te.

scholarly journals Cooperation between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Theorem Provers

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 169-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Fuchs ◽  
M. Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Theorem Proving ◽  
Search Space ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Model Elimination ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Redundancy Control ◽  
Problem Library

Top-down and bottom-up theorem proving approaches each have specific advantages and disadvantages. Bottom-up provers profit from strong redundancy control but suffer from the lack of goal-orientation, whereas top-down provers are goal-oriented but often have weak calculi when their proof lengths are considered. In order to integrate both approaches, we try to achieve cooperation between a top-down and a bottom-up prover in two different ways: The first technique aims at supporting a bottom-up with a top-down prover. A top-down prover generates subgoal clauses, they are then processed by a bottom-up prover. The second technique deals with the use of bottom-up generated lemmas in a top-down prover. We apply our concept to the areas of model elimination and superposition. We discuss the ability of our techniques to shorten proofs as well as to reorder the search space in an appropriate manner. Furthermore, in order to identify subgoal clauses and lemmas which are actually relevant for the proof task, we develop methods for a relevancy-based filtering. Experiments with the provers SETHEO and SPASS performed in the problem library TPTP reveal the high potential of our cooperation approaches.

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