scholarly journals Does ‘Action Viewing’ Really Exist? Perceived Dynamism and Viewing Behaviour

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-48
Author(s):  
Hanna Brinkmann ◽  
Louis Williams ◽  
Raphael Rosenberg ◽  
Eugene McSorley
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Abstract Painting ◽  
Art Students ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Saccade Velocity ◽  
Path Curvature ◽  
Saccade Duration

Throughout the 20th century, there have been many different forms of abstract painting. While works by some artists, e.g., Piet Mondrian, are usually described as static, others are described as dynamic, such as Jackson Pollock’s ‘action paintings’. Art historians have assumed that beholders not only conceptualise such differences in depicted dynamics but also mirror these in their viewing behaviour. In an interdisciplinary eye-tracking study, we tested this concept through investigating both the localisation of fixations (polyfocal viewing) and the average duration of fixations as well as saccade velocity, duration and path curvature. We showed 30 different abstract paintings to 40 participants — 20 laypeople and 20 experts (art students) — and used self-reporting to investigate the perceived dynamism of each painting and its relationship with (a) the average number and duration of fixations, (b) the average number, duration and velocity of saccades as well as the amplitude and curvature area of saccade paths, and (c) pleasantness and familiarity ratings. We found that the average number of fixations and saccades, saccade velocity, and pleasantness ratings increase with an increase in perceived dynamism ratings. Meanwhile the saccade duration decreased with an increase in perceived dynamism. Additionally, the analysis showed that experts gave higher dynamic ratings compared to laypeople and were more familiar with the artworks. These results indicate that there is a correlation between perceived dynamism in abstract painting and viewing behaviour — something that has long been assumed by art historians but had never been empirically supported.

Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in a Psychology Clinic

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Labrador ◽  
Francisco J. Estupiñá ◽  
Mónica Bernaldo-de-Quirós ◽  
Ignacio Fernández-Arias ◽  
Pablo Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
College Education ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Not Otherwise Specified

AbstractPeople with anxiety disorders demand psychological attention most often. Therefore, it seems important to identify both the characteristics of the patients who demand help and the clinical variables related to that demand and its treatment. A cohort of 292 patients who requested help at a university clinical facility was studied. The typical profile of the patient was: being female, young, unmarried, with some college education, and having previously received treatment, especially pharmacological one. The three most frequent diagnoses of anxiety, which include 50% of the cases, were: Anxiety Disorder not otherwise specified, Social Phobia, and Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia. Regarding the characteristics of the intervention, the average duration of the assessment was 3.5 sessions (SD = 1.2), and the duration of the treatment was 14 sessions (SD = 11.2). The percentage of discharges was 70.2%. The average cost of treatment was around €840. The results are discussed, underlining the value of empirically supported treatments for anxiety disorders.

Ifriqiya and the Central Maghreb

2020 ◽  
pp. 242-266
Author(s):  
Corisande Fenwick
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Islamic Period ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Islamic Archaeology

North Africa played a pivotal part in the development of Islamic archaeology as a discipline through the important French excavations at the Qal’a of the Beni Hammad in Algeria in the late 19th century, one of the earliest excavations at an Islamic site by European archaeologists anywhere in the Islamic world. Despite this early promise, for most of the 20th century, the Islamic period was the preserve of art historians, with only a handful of small-scale excavations conducted at the spectacular palatial-cities, mosques, ribats, and fortresses of Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. Since the 1990s, there has been a significant rise in the number of projects and amount of evidence available, as well as a new interest in revisiting old questions and models for the Islamic period. This chapter charts the development of Islamic archaeology and lays out the key scholarly debates in Ifriqiya and the central Maghreb, broadly understood as encompassing modern-day Tunisia, Algeria, and western coastal Libya.

scholarly journals “Irkutsk annals” as a source for studying the history of the Irkutsk Regional Art Museum at the end of 19th – the first third of the 20th century

2020 ◽  
pp. 278-290
Author(s):  
Ирина Ивановна Терновая
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
History Of

В 2020 году Иркутский областной художественный музей им. В.П. Сукачева празднует свое 150-летие. По богатству и разнообразию своих коллекций он стал одним из крупнейших музеев не только в Сибири, но и России в целом. В данной статье автор представляет «Иркутские летописи» в качестве источника изучения истории Иркутского художественного музея, опираясь на хронологическую точность приведенных фактов. В результате введены в научный оборот и систематизированы обширные документальные материалы об организации музея, становлении его коллекции и выставочной деятельности, уточнены некоторые факты. Сведения, полученные в ходе изучения «Иркутских летописей», значимы для искусствоведов и историков. In 2020, the Sukachev Irkutsk Regional Art Museum celebrates its 150th birthday. In terms of the richness and diversity of its collections, it has become one of the largest museums not only in Siberia, but also in Russia as a whole. In this article, the author presents “Irkutsk annals” as a source for studying the history of the Irkutsk Regional Art Museum, based on the chronological accuracy of the facts contained in it. As a result, extensive documentary materials about the organization of the museum, the establishment of its collection and exhibition activities were introduced and systematized, some facts were clarified. The information obtained during the study of the “Irkutsk annals” is significant for art historians.

scholarly journals Abstrakcji przestrzeń wieloraka. Kategoria przestrzenności w twórczości Wojciecha Fangora, Jerzego Grabowskiego i Ryszarda Winiarskiego - studium porównawcze

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 401-436
Author(s):  
Łukasz Rozmarynowski
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Abstract Painting ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Methodological Perspective ◽  
Surrounding Space ◽  
Probabilistic Space ◽  
Negative Space ◽  
Mathematical Sciences ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Analytical Category

If one were to indicate some tendencies characteristic of the art of the 20th century, the pursuit of making artwork more spatial would certainly be one of them. This tendency manifests itself in the myriad of symptoms: an avant-garde redefinition of sculpture with its negative space; a proliferation of kinetic works enabling spectators to (re)shape artwork’s matter more actively; a dissemination of ephemeral forms, especially happening and performance; beginnings of installation art, to mention but a few. The present paper sets out to examine an artistic phenomenon  which is not as spectacular as the aforementioned examples, but it could be somehow placed at the intersection of them. One can consider the particular type of abstract painting, embedded in a pictorial plane and slightly opening for surrounding space, but simultaneously reconceptualising the relation between the imagined and the physically present. The first part of the article deals with methodology. As far as research is concerned, the author assumes moderate scientism as the methodological perspective. It is based on the belief that mathematical sciences throughout history have developed notions and analytical methods allowing the observable and communicable features of things, including artworks and artistic phenomena, to be explained in an effective way, i.e. more faithfully and usefully. Because of the fact that mathematical truths are not absolute, the methodological perspective is called ‘moderate’. Taking into account these assumptions, the second part of the article defines the analytical category of spatiality, which expresses painting’s ability to evoke variously conceptualised spaces. The three subsequent sections of the article are devoted to some paintings by three Polish artists active in the second half of the 20th century, i.e. Wojciech Fangor, Jerzy Grabowski, Ryszard Winiarski. Each of them combined two differently understood spatial orders in their works: physical (related to phenomenological and sensual experience) and conceptual (related to notions and theories proposed by exact sciences). Having analysed a number of paintings by Fangor, Grabowski and Winiarski, one can define notions of cosmogonic, transcendence and probabilistic space, respectively. In summary, the specificity of works analysed in the context of ideas drawn from exact sciences is examined.

scholarly journals Digital sketch maps and eye tracking statistics as instruments to obtain insights into spatial cognition

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Merve Keskin ◽  
Kristien Ooms ◽  
Ahmet Ozgur Dogru ◽  
Philippe De Maeyer
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Visual Variables ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sketch Maps ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Novices And Experts ◽  
The One ◽  
User Experiment

This paper explores map users’ cognitive processes in learning, acquiring and remembering information presented via screen maps. In this context, we conducted a mixed-methods user experiment employing digital sketch maps and eye tracking. On the one hand, the performance of the participants was assessed based on the order with which the objects were drawn and the influence of visual variables (e.g. presence & location, size, shape, color). On the other hand, trial durations and eye tracking statistics such as average duration of fixations, and number of fixations per seconds were compared. Moreover, selected AoIs (Area of Interests) were explored to gain a deeper insight on visual behavior of map users. Depending on the normality of the data, we used either two-way ANOVA or Mann-Whitney U test to inspect the significance of the results. Based on the evaluation of the drawing order, we observed that experts and males drew roads first whereas; novices and females focused more on hydrographic object. According to the assessment of drawn elements, no significant differences emerged between neither experts and novices, nor females and males for the retrieval of spatial information presented on 2D maps with a simple design and content. The differences in trial durations between novices and experts were not statistically significant while both studying and drawing. Similarly, no significant difference occurred between female and male participants for either studying or drawing. Eye tracking metrics also supported these findings. For average duration of fixation, there was found no significant difference between experts and novices, as well as between females and males. Similarly, no significant differences were found for the mean number of fixation.

scholarly journals Eye-movements during the perception of dangerous driving among drivers of different age and social groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
M.S. Polikarpova
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Initial Stimulus ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
Dangerous Driving ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

The article presents the data of experimental study of the eye-movements during the perception of dangerous driving among drivers of different age and social groups. Bass-Darky questionnaire and Eye-Tracking were used. The following parameters were investigated: duration of fixations, their number, amplitude of saccades and the proportion of implicit and explicit fixations during the perception videos with dangerous and non-dangerous driving. Implicit fixations are fast and more frequent at the time of initial stimulus processing and correspond to the process of implicit attention. Their average duration ranges from 120 to 250 ms. Explicit fixations correspond to the process of explicit attention, their duration is 300—450 ms; the level of aggressiveness, diagnosed using the Bass-Darky questionnaire. The study involved 45 drivers with driving experience from six months to 31 years (22 men, 23 women, aged from 20 to 62 years), 12 professional and 33 non-professional. Differences were found in the parameters of eye movements in groups of professional drivers and non-professional; men and women in the perception of videos showing dangerous and non-dangerous driving

scholarly journals Exploring the Cognitive Load of Expert and Novice Map Users Using EEG and Eye Tracking

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 429
Author(s):  
Merve Keskin ◽  
Kristien Ooms ◽  
Ahmet Ozgur Dogru ◽  
Philippe De Maeyer
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Expert And Novice ◽  
Memory Experiment ◽  
Saccade Velocity ◽  
Eeg Power

The main objective of this research is to explore the cognitive processes of expert and novice map users during the retrieval of map-related information, within varying difficulty levels (i.e., easy, moderate, hard), by using eye tracking and electroencephalogram (EEG). In this context, we present a spatial memory experiment consisting of a large number of stimuli to study the effect of task difficulty on map users’ behavior through cognitive load measurements. Next to the reaction time and success rate, we used fixation and saccade related eye tracking metrics (i.e., average fixation duration, the number of fixations per second, saccade amplitude and saccade velocity), and EEG power spectrum (i.e., event-related changes in alpha and theta frequency bands) to identify the cognitive load. While fixation metrics indicated no statistically significant difference between experts and novices, saccade metrics proved the otherwise. EEG power spectral density analysis, on the other side, suggested an increase in theta (i.e., event-related synchronization) and a decrease in alpha (except moderate tasks) (i.e., event-related desynchronization) at all difficulty levels of the task for both experts and novices, which is an indicator of cognitive load. Although no significant difference emerged between two groups, we found a significant difference in their overall performances when the participants were classified as good and relatively bad learners. Triangulating EEG results with the recorded eye tracking data and the qualitative analysis of focus maps indeed provided a detailed insight on the differences of the individuals’ cognitive processes during this spatial memory task.

The Biblioteca Berenson at Villa I Tatti

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rocke
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Art History ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Italian Renaissance ◽  
Renaissance Studies ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Personal Library

Although it began as the personal library of one of the most influential art historians and connoisseurs of the last century, the Biblioteca Berenson now has a broad interdisciplinary scope that goes far beyond art and art history. As the library of Harvard University’s Center for Italian Renaissance Studies since the 1960s, it has become a major resource for research into all aspects of the society, culture and thought of Italy between about 1200 and 1650. Nonetheless the Berenson Library offers rich and often unique resources for art historical research, both on the Renaissance and on the 20th century.

Through native eyes: American Indians write about their art

1992 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Mary B. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
American Indian ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
American Indians ◽  
American Art ◽  
Native American Art ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Easel Painting

During the 20th century, and particularly since its adoption of easel painting, the continuing development of American Indian art has resisted attempts to contain and circumscribe it within definitions and categories imposed by outsiders — art critics, art historians, and the authors of many of the most readily available books on the subject. Native Americans are determined not only to remain in control of their art but also to have a say in how it is interpreted. A bibliography of sources follows an introductory survey of Native American statements about Native American art.

scholarly journals LO82: Exploring eye-tracking technology to assess competency in point-of-care ultrasound

CJEM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (S1) ◽  
pp. S37-S37
Author(s):  
W. Lee ◽  
J. Chenkin
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Point Of Care Ultrasound ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Gaze Patterns

Introduction: Assessment of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) competency has been reliant on practical, visual and written examinations performed 1-on-1 with an examiner. These tools attempt to assess competency through subjective ratings, checklists and multiple-choice questions that are labour intensive using surrogate measures. Eye-tracking has been used on a limited basis in various fields of medicine for training and assessment. This technology explores visual processing and holds great promise as a tool to monitor training progress towards the development of expertise. We hypothesize that eye-tracking may differentiate novices and experts as they progress to become competent in interpretation of POCUS images and provide an objective measure in assessment of competency. Methods: Medical students, residents and attending physicians working in an academic emergency department were recruited. Participants viewed a series of 16 ultrasound video clips in a POCUS protocol for Focused Assessment using Sonography in Trauma (FAST). The gaze pattern of the participants was recorded using a commercially available eye-tracking device. The primary outcome was the gaze parameters including total gaze time in the area of interest (AOI), average time to fixation on the AOI, number of fixations in the AOI and average duration of first fixation on the AOI. Secondary outcome was the accuracy on the interpretation of the FAST scan. Results: Four novices and eight experts completed this study. The total gaze time in the AOI (mean +/- SD) was 76.72 +/- 18.84s among experts vs 53.64 +/- 10.33s among novices (p = 0.048), average time to fixation on the AOI was 0.561 +/- 0.319s vs 1.048 +/- 0.280s (p = 0.027), number of fixations in the AOI was 158.9 +/- 29.0 vs 121.8 +/- 17.5 (p = 0.042) and average duration of first fixation was 0.444 +/- 0.119s vs 0.390 +/- 0.024s (p = 0.402). The accuracy of the answers was 79.7 +/- 14.1% vs 45.3 +/- 21.9% (p = 0.007). Conclusion: In this pilot study, eye tracking shows potential to differentiate between POCUS experts and novices by their gaze patterns. Gaze patterns captured by eye tracking may not necessarily translate to cognitive processing. However, it allows educators to visualise the thought processes of the learner by their gaze patterns and provide insight on how to guide them towards competency. Future studies are needed to further validate the metrics for competency in POCUS applications.

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