Slavery in the Middle Assyrian Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-342
Author(s):  
Jacob Jan de Ridder
Keyword(s):  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Small State ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Chattel Slavery ◽  
Neighboring State ◽  
Privately Owned ◽  
Small Urban Center

Abstract The Middle Assyrian period (1500–1000 BCE) is used to describe the Northern Mesopotamian state, centered around the capital city Aššur (mod. Qalʿat Aš-Širqāṭ, Iraq). In the early years, Aššur was a small urban center of little political importance. However, as the neighboring state of Mitanni/Hanigalbat weakened, the local rulers were able to politically and militarily dominate Northern Mesopotamia. Due to the expanse of this, originally, small state, a strong administration was required to make the governance of the newly conquered regions possible. Over 3,000 cuneiform texts from the Assyrian administration were uncovered, of which 2,000 were from the two capital cities Aššur and Kār-Tukultī-Ninurta. Just as in any ancient state, slaves were a part of society. However, attestations of slaves are relatively uncommon, and most scholarly attention has gone to the related class of deportees and prisoners of war. Nonetheless, administrative documents such as loans provide us with sufficient information on debt and chattel slavery to make a number of observations on (semi) privately owned slaves.

Australian Orthodontists Utilization and Attitude Toward a Government Funded Cleft Scheme

2021 ◽  
pp. 105566562198912
Author(s):  
Morgan Wishney ◽  
Aziz Sahu-Khan ◽  
Peter Petocz ◽  
M. Ali Darendeliler ◽  
Alexandra K. Papadopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Australian Society ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Orthodontic Training ◽  
University Training

Objectives: To (1) survey Australian orthodontists about their involvement with a government-funded scheme for patients with clefts, the Medicare Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate Scheme (MCLCPS) and (2) investigate their attitude toward treating patients with clefts and their training in this respect. Design: A 13-question online survey was distributed to members of the Australian Society of Orthodontists. The survey gathered information regarding respondent demographics, the number of MCLCPS-eligible patients seen in the past 12 months and usual billing practices. Results: A total of 96 complete responses were obtained. About 70% of respondents had treated MCLCPS-eligible patients in the past 12 months and 55% saw between 2 and 5 patients during this time. The likelihood of treating patients with clefts increased by a factor of 4.8 (95% CI: 1.2-18.9) if practicing outside of a capital city and 1.5 times for each decade increase in orthodontist’s age (95% CI: 1.0-2.2). The MCLCPS was utilized by 81% of orthodontists with 26% of these respondents accepting rebate only. Most orthodontists felt their university training could have better prepared them to treat patients with clefts. A minority of orthodontists felt that a rebate increase would make them more likely to treat these patients. Conclusions: Australian orthodontists who treat patients with clefts tend to be older and work outside of capital cities. The decision to treat these patients tends to not be financially motived. Specialty orthodontic training programs could improve the preparedness of their graduates to treat patients with clefts.

Retail Suburbanization, Modernization, and Growth in Sydney during Australia’s Postwar Boom

2021 ◽  
pp. 009614422110236
Author(s):  
Matthew Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Capital City ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
And Function ◽  
Retail Formats ◽  
Car Driving

This article uses Sydney as a case study to examine the process of retail decentralization during Australia’s postwar boom, showing how the form and function of capital city retailing changed completely in just a couple of decades. Suburban migration, the emergence of mobile car-driving consumers, socially constructed gender roles, the ongoing importance of public transport networks, planning regimes that sought to concentrate development in designated zones, and business growth strategies that deployed retail formats developed in America all played a role in shaping the form and function of Australian retailing during the postwar boom. In the process, the retail geographies of Australia’s capital cities were transformed from highly centralized distribution structures dominated by the urban core, to decentralized landscapes of retail clusters featuring modern retail forms like the supermarket and shopping center that would come to define Australian retailing for the remainder of the century.

scholarly journals Intergovernmental cooperation, divided societies and capital cities: The case of the Ethiopian capital

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-29
Author(s):  
Yonatan T. Fessha
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Constitutional Politics ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Divided Societies ◽  
Intergovernmental Cooperation ◽  
Diverse Communities

Some call it Addis Ababa. Others call it Finfinnee. That is the capital city of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. “What’s in a name?” In fact, the name is at the centre of the row over the federal capital. Those who opt to refer the capital as Finfinnee claim that the capital belongs to the Oromo. Those that stick to the official name, Addis Ababa, reject the language of ownership. But this is not merely a fight over history. It is a constitutional politics that has gripped the federation. The debate over the Ethiopian capital brings to fore the question about the place of capital cities in multi-ethnic federations. Using the Ethiopian capital as a case study, this article investigates how capital cities can manage the tension between the accommodation of diverse communities and the indigeneity argument that is often used as a basis to claim ownership. The article argues that the mediation of tensions can be best addressed through the framework of intergovernmental cooperation.

scholarly journals ‘Between life and death’: On land, silence and liberation in the capital city

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan F. De Beer
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
Mission Statement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
University Of Pretoria ◽  
The One ◽  
The University ◽  
The City

This article reflects on the unfinished task of liberation – as expressed in issues of land – and drawing from the work of Franz Fanon and the Durban-based social movement Abahlali baseMjondolo. It locates its reflections in four specific sites of struggle in the City of Tshwane, and against the backdrop of the mission statement of the Faculty of Theology at the University of Pretoria, as well as the Capital Cities Research Project based in the same university. Reflecting on the ‘living death’ of millions of landless people on the one hand, and the privatisation of liberation on the other, it argues that a liberating praxis of engagement remains a necessity in order to break the violent silences that perpetuate exclusion.

Environmental Problems of Delhi and Governmental Concern

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-167
Author(s):  
Mohd. Yousuf Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Healthcare Service ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
High Order ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Northern Zone

Delhi, the capital city of India, which is the concern of this chapter, has its own significance as it is the seat of governance, learning, and the healthcare service provider. Capital cities though inhabit people from every region and tend to be overcrowded, but in Delhi, the situation is not only the nature of a capital city, but also the industrial and commercial centre of high order in the northern zone of India, which is creating a number of environmental problems, such as air and water pollution, slum development, congested housing, etc. The chapter discusses all causes of Delhi's environmental problems like atrophy of political will, mismanaged urbanisation, court interventions, etc., and finally, the chapter tries to find out possible solutions in a detailed manner keeping in view the measures taken by other countries like China to deal with such problems.

Arithmetic

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Selikowitz
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Intelligence Test ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Number Facts ◽  
Shed Light

Specific difficulties have been described in a number of areas of mathematics, but difficulty in arithmetic has received the most attention. This may be because all children are required to do arithmetical calculations in the early years of school, but can choose alternative subjects later, and it probably also reflects the fact that arithmetical calculations play an important part in everyday life. Another reason may be that arithmetical difficulty following brain damage in adulthood (dyscalculia) is a well-recognized and well-studied entity. This chapter will focus on specific arithmetic difficulty in children, that is, unexplained, significant delay in arithmetic ability. Although specific arithmetic difficulty was once considered rare, there is now evidence that it is not as uncommon as was previously thought. The psychologist may obtain sufficient information about the child’s arithmetical ability from the Arithmetic section (sub-test) of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV). This is a commonly used intelligence test that can be used for children from 6 years to 16 years 11 months. This test does not require the child to write down the answers. The problems are timed and they relate to various arithmetical skills. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can all be tested. Some problems also require memorized number facts and subtle operations, such as seeing relevant relationships at a glance. The emphasis of the test is not on mathematical knowledge as such, but on mental computations and concentration. The WISC-IV will also give the psychologist information about other abilities, which may shed light on the child’s difficulties. In the Digit Span sub-test, the child’s ability to remember numbers for a short period is tested. In the Comprehension sub-test, verbal reasoning is involved. If, for example, a child has high comprehension but low arithmetic scores, this may suggest that reasoning ability is adequate in social situations, but not in situations involving numbers. If the psychologist wants further information on arithmetic ability, there are a number of tests that specifically test mathematical skills and allow these to be compared with those of other children of the same age.

scholarly journals Determinants in Relocation of Capital Cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Kokutungisa Ishenda ◽  
Shi Guoqing
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

The capital city is characterized as a multifunctional city that has diplomatic missions, government institutions and economic centers that are so developed that often the capital is chosen as a city of urbanization by the Government. In Indonesia, floods often hit Jakarta and paralyze economic and governmental activities. To overcome the various problems of the capital, one solution that can be considered by a country is to move its capital. In Indonesia, the discourse to move the capital has a long history. This discourse arose against the background of various complex Jakarta problems. Indonesia needs to consider these three factors in the analysis to move its capital, not only the analysis in the country, but also the analysis of the experiences of other countries in the world that have moved its capital. The experience of various countries that have moved their capital cities will provide input and considerations, which could be used as a more appropriate analytical method to examine problems in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Interurban Consumption Flows of Urban Agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River: A Network Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
Wenyi Yang ◽  
Yueyun Yuan ◽  
Chengliang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Yangtze River ◽  
Boundary Effect ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Bank Card ◽  
The One ◽  
Network Relationship ◽  
China’S Growth

Network analysis through the lens of traffic flows is becoming the focus of urban-region research in the context of globalization. This study examines the network relationship among 31 cities in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from the perspective of consumption flow that is serving as an increasingly important engine for China’s growth in general and regional momentum in particular. By tracing the directions and magnitudes of bank card transactions in 2016 as provided by Chinese UnionPay, this paper finds: (1) Three capital cities dominate both outward and inward flow networks and have net outflows, whereas others are featured with inward consumption flow; (2) Most interurban flows occur within provincial boundary, which leaves this whole region without a city-generating global impact; (3) Eight sub-networks composed of adjoining few cities can be further identified that have closer connections to the one containing capital city in that province. Based on these findings related to boundary effect, this paper concludes with a vision for more integrated consumption networks in the context of this region.

scholarly journals Le rôle du Canada dans le développement du droit en matière de conflit armé

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-508
Author(s):  
Leslie C. Green
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Geneva Convention ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
The Law ◽  
English Speaking World

This paper is concerned with examining the role Canada has played in the development of the law of armed conflict. It makes the point that, while it is generally assumed that the Canadian courts followed the practice of those in the United Kingdom, this is too simple an approach. From the early years of the nineteenth century, the Vice-Admiralty Court in Halifax was making a contribution to the law of prize and maritime war law that might be compared with that of Lord Stowell in England. Moreover, even then, it was applying principles that have only recently been generally accepted — that armed conflict is as much a question of fact as of law, and that naval officers, at least, must be taken to know the law. It is hardly believable that as long ago as 1814, Dr. Croke was upholding the immunity from capture of "the arts and sciences... as the property of mankind at large, and as belonging to the common interests of the whole species. " In addition to these early decisions in maritime war law, the Canadian courts have stood almost alone in the English-speaking world in explaining the criminal liability of escaping prisoners of war, in terms which to some extent formed the basis of what appeared in the Geneva Convention of 1949. At the same time, a Canadian war crimes tribunal made an important contribution to the exposition of the nature of a commander's liability for the offences of his subordinates, while others added to the jurisprudence concerned with the nature of the defence of superior orders. In so far as an actual innovative contribution is concerned, it must not be forgotten that the enunciation by Daniel Webster in 1842 of the concept of self-defence as understood in international law resulted from the actions of loyalists during the 1837 Rebellion. More recently, Canada played a concrete role in the drafting of the 1977 Protocols additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions for the development of humanitarian law in armed conflict. In fact, Protocol II relating to non-international conflict is almost entirely based on a Canadian draft expressing Canada*s concern to see principles of humanitarian law observed as widely as possible, regardless of the nature of the conflict. As a result of tracing Canada 's role one is led to the conclusion that itconstitutes a record of achievement that merits wider appreciation.

The nationalization of Swahili in Kenya

1976 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyndon Harries
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
National Level ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
National Language ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Normal Expression ◽  
The Status ◽  
Linguistically Appropriate

ABSTRACTThe decree of 4 July, 1974, by President Kenyatta, proclaiming Swahili as the national language of Kenya is discussed with reference to questions of feasibility and expediency. The alternatives to the President's decree are considered, and reasons for the decision are suggested.Comparison of the status of Swahili in the capital cities of Kenya (Nairobi) and Tanzania (Dar es Salaam) is made to illustrate the special difficulties confronting the Kenya government in making the President's decree effective. The parliamentary response is crucial, but the dominance of English in Nairobi, the capital city, where Swahili has not always been much valued, indicates a wider gap between intention and the possibility of fulfilment than in Dar es Salaam.The need for proficiency in Swahili is viewed in the Kenya situation, and this is related to what is linguistically appropriate. The nationalization of Swahili results in secularization of a language that found its normal expression in the setting of Islam. What is linguistically appropriate in Swahili on the national level is often inappropriate to members of the Swahili coastal community. Kenyans are likely to opt for their own modifications of Standard Swahili, basing this on the Mombasa dialect, but up-country Swahili is the foundation upon which greater proficiency can be achieved. (Language planning, language policy, regional and social stratification of varieties, Swahili; Kenya, Tanzania.)

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